Background Tooth discoloration is a frequent dental finding associated with clinical and esthetic problems. It differs in etiology, appearance, composition, location and severity. During routine school dental camps we found that there is black discoloration of tooth in children in a particular area of Moradabad city. Objective To assess the prevalence and to investigate the reasons for the black stains among school children of Moradabad city. Methods Three schools present in the municipal ward were selected for the study. All the children studying in the above schools were subjected to Type III investigation to identify the black stains. Out of 780 children 156 students showed black stains. Among them a sample of black stain scraping was taken from 5 students and it was subjected to analysis for trace elements. Trace elements analysis was done by (ICP) Inductively Coupled Photo spectrometry. Results Out of 5 scrapings 3 showed presence of ferrous ions of about 2.56%, calcium ions 17.15% and magnesium ions 0.72%, while the remaining 2 samples showed calcium 14.86%, magnesium ions 0.82% and no presence of ferrous ions. Conclusion Black extrinsic tooth stains were shown to be a form of dental plaque. The stains examined contained a black insoluble ferric compound.

BackgroundSupernumerary teeth are developmental anomaly. There are various theories explaining their occurrence. Maxilla is more commonly affected and males have higher predilection than females for having supernumerary teeth.Case DetailsThe present case is presented with three permanent central incisors, all of them with normal morphology. On clinical and radiographic examination, it was identified as a case of non-syndromic unilateral left supplemental maxillary central incisor. Treatment plan involved extraction of the supplemental tooth followed by orthodontic treatment to correct the malalignment of the teeth.ConclusionThe presence of supplemental teeth of normal morphology is quite a rare condition and are commonly associated with various syndromes but, in rare cases, they also exists as non-syndromic forms. Supernumerary teeth can cause aesthetic or functional problems, especially when situated in the maxillary anterior region. Complications related to the phenomenon can be minimized by early detection and by carrying out a comprehensive treatment protocol.

Literacy forms an important input in overall development of individual enabling them to comprehend their social, political and cultural environment better and respond to it. Health literacy requires knowledge of health topics. People with limited health literacy often lack knowledge or have misinformation about the body as well as the nature and causes of disease. Without this knowledge, they may not understand the relationship between lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise and various health outcomes. Health literacy plays a key role on the overall health and wellbeing and is now recognized as a determinant of health and has been made a priority of public health agendas, as there is existence of clear scientific evidence regarding its association with health outcomes such as use of health care services, hospitalizations, mortality rates, and adherence to treatment regimens. Therefore, responsive health system that eliminates barriers to clear communication and provides usable and actionable health information and services is important to uplift the current situation.

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