With 549,393 new cases recorded in 2018, bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Urinary bladder cancer is the cause of about 3 percent of all new cancer diagnoses and 2.1 percent of all cancer deaths. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1(NDRG1) as a biomarker for bladder cancer patients in the Iraqi population. One hundred individuals in the case-control study were enrolled and divided into two groups. The first group included 50 patients diagnosed with a bladder mass and investigated by undergoing cystoscopy examination for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB). The second group included 50 healthy individuals who had normal bladder tissue. The results of the present study showed the highest level of (NDRG1) among cases with statically significant association (p=0.001). The ROC curve demonstrated that the protein level of (NDRG1) could distinguish disease patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 92%. Serum (NDRG1) protein is an efficient and noninvasive tumor marker for diagnosing bladder cancer. Keywords: N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB).

Background: Bladder cancer is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with 549,393 new cases reported in 2018. Approximately 3% of all new cancer diagnoses and 2.1% of all cancer deaths are due to urinary bladder cancer. Objectives: This study aims to explore the efficiency of renal system functions as indicated by renal function tests and electrolyte levels among bladder cancer patients. Methods: All patients in this case-control study were recruited from Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for surgical specialties in Baghdad during the period from December 2021 to June 2022. A total of 100 individuals were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups. The first group included 50 patients with an age range of (16-79) years. All patients were first diagnosed and investigated with a bladder mass by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and sent to the histopathological examination for biopsy of bladder lesion. The second group included 50 healthy individuals. Results: The results of the present study showed that all renal function tests and serum electrolyte levels were in the upper limit or within the normal range, although some of these levels were significantly different between patients and controls. Conclusion: All renal function tests were within the upper limits of the normal range as most of the bladder tumors were low-grade small-sized masses.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine condition in women, characterized by hyperandrogenism. Infrequent ovulation and multiple follicular cysts in hypertrophied sized ovaries, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance irisin a myokine play a vital role in the pathogenesis of many diseases characterized by insulin resistance. Objective: Assessment of the effect of metformin on the level of serum irisin in PCOS women compared to non– metformin-treated PCOS patients and healthy controls. Material and methods: This analytical cross-sectional included 88 females whose ages ranged from (18-to 40) years. All females were selected from the infertility treatment and IVF center of Kamal Al-Samarraey Hospital Baghdad/ Iraq from October 2020 to March 2021. Women were divided into three groups: group (a) involved 33 women with polycystic ovary syndrome metformin treatment, group (b) involved 37 women with polycystic ovary don't receive metformin group (c) involved (23) healthy women (act as controls). Each Serum specimen was analyzed to measure irisin, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: significantly higher serum levels of irisin, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were found in both groups of polycystic ovary women compared to healthy women. There was no significant difference in serum irisin levels between the two groups of polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusion: It has been concluded that serum irisin levels did not change in response to metformin treatment.