Psychiatric illnesses are frequent in preschool children with atopic eczema.

The cerebral hydatid cysts caused by Echinococcus granulosus are rare and occur mostly during childhood in endemic areas. A 2-year-old boy was admitted with focal neurological signs in the left extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a cyst lying from right parietooccipital region to the lateral ventricle. There were also multiple cysts in his lung and liver. The cerebral hydatid cyst was surgically extracted without complications. We suggest that a differential diagnosis of hydatid cyst should be considered when a brain mass is found in a patient, even 2 years old, from an endemic area of echinococcosis.

Most patients presenting with PFAPA syndrome have heterozygous MEFV gene mutations. Whether carrying a heterozygous MEFV gene is the primary cause of this syndrome requires further investigation.

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Especially, male children younger than 3 years have an increased risk of FBA. Neither clinical symptoms nor the radiological findings alone are sufficiently specific and sensitive in diagnosing FBA. The most important factor for diagnosis is the presence of aspiration history.