SUMMARYBackground: Most ocular changes in pregnancy are harmless. For example, 14% of pregnant women need a new eyeglass prescription. Some changes, however, are serious, such as retinal effects of hypertension, which can be a sign of pre-eclampsia. Ocular changes may give rise to uncertainty about the administration of ophthalmological drugs or the optimal method of childbirth.

Objective. CD4؉,CD25high regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in the maintenance of self tolerance and prevention of organ-specific autoimmunity. high ,CD127 ؊/low nTreg cells. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was observed between the extent of T cell regulation in suppressor assays and the level of lupus disease activity.Conclusion. This study is the first to show that, in human SLE, impaired sensitivity of Tresp cells to the suppressive effects of a comparably functional, highly purified nTreg cell population leads to a defective suppression of T cell proliferation in active SLE. Studies aiming to define the mechanisms leading to Tresp cell resistance might help in the development of highly specific, alternative immunotherapeutic tools for the control of systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE.Immune homeostasis is controlled by mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Central tolerance involves the deletion of self-reactive T cells in the thymus at an early stage of development (1,2). Peripheral tolerance is maintained by, among other mechanisms, a unique subset of naturally occurring CD4ϩ, CD25ϩ natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells in the mouse, which are able to suppress activation and effector functions of autoreactive T cells that have escaped other mechanisms of tolerance (3-5).

RTX is effective in the treatment of severe forms of Jo1 antisynthetase syndrome. In our retrospective study, the presence of high anti-Ro52 antibody concentrations predicts severe acute-onset ILD and nonresponse to IS drugs. In contrast to conventional IS, RTX is equally effective in patients with Jo1 antisynthetase syndrome, independent of their anti-Ro52 antibody status.

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Increased loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone can be detected in patients with ERA, therefore we propose that the consulting rheumatologists inform the patients that they have a higher risk of periodontal disease. It would be beneficial if these patients were referred directly for intensive dental care.