This study aims to prove that papaya seed extract has the potential to improve muscle cell atrophy in diabetic conditions. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) animal model were made with conditions similar to type 2 DM in humans i.e. with long-term (56 days) high sugar (fructose) consumption. Then, the next 14 days were treated with papaya seed extract at the dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW orally. Body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored throughout the study period. At the end of the study, histopathological examination of gastrocnemius skeletal muscle tissue was carried out using hematoxylin-eosin staining and measuring myocyte cell area. Results showed that there is a correlation between blood glucose levels with the area of muscle cells which explains that the decrease in blood glucose levels is in line with the increase in the area of muscle fiber cells. In the diabetic group and the treatment group the dose of 100 mg/kg BW has a smaller area, whereas in the treatment group the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW has an area close to the area of the muscle cell in the normal group. This is supported by the results of measurements of the area of muscle fiber cells observed through cross sections and measured at the end of this study. The treatment group at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not have significant difference (P>0.05) compared to the normal group. It can be concluded that papaya seed extract therapy at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW on diabetic rats can reduce the fasting blood glucose levels so that it can ameliorate cell atrophy in the diabetic conditions.

Introduction: Noni, which has the scientific name Morinda citrifolia L., is a plant often found in Indonesia and has many properties used for generations. However, this noni fruit has potential toxicity that needs to be studied further. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds and determine the toxicity of the ethanol extract of noni fruit using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Methods: The research was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. This research includes experimental research. Artemia salina L. larvae aged 48 hours were put into a test tube containing a solution of noni fruit extract with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm, then observed after 24 hours. Results: In the phytochemical screening results, noni fruit ethanol extract contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The test results obtained an LC50 value of 17.78 ppm, which indicates that the ethanol extract of the noni fruit is toxic. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the noni fruit contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids and has toxicity to Artemia salina L. larvae. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of noni fruit has the potential as an anticancer.

Limbah adalah bahan buangan yang dapat menurunkan kualitas lingkungan, seperti logam berat. Logam berat yang terakumulasi dalam tubuh manusia secara berlebih dapat membahayakan kesehatan hingga menyebabkan kematian, sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis logam berat. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis logam berat dengan bantuan asam tanat adalah spektrofotometri visible pada berbagai kondisi, akan tetapi litetatur mengenai topik tersebut masih jarang ditemukan di Indonesia. Review article bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi reaksi optimal kompleks logam dengan asam tanat agar dapat digunakan untuk analisis dengan metode spektrofotometri visible. Pengelompokan data hasil article review ini dapat ditemukan pada berbagai database, seperti Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, dan SpringerLink. Terdapat kriteria inklusi dalam article review ini adalah artikel yang membahas terkait logam berat yang dapat dideteksi dengan spektrofotometer visibile menggunakan asam tanat dan analisis logam gengan bantuan ligan asam tanat, sedangkan kriteria eksklusinya adalah bentuk artikel review, dan ditemukan hasil penelusuran sebanyak 17 jurnal berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Preparasi sampel dapat dilakukan dengan cara mendestruksi basah sampel kemudian menggunakan masking agent jika sampel mengandung lebih dari satu ion. Kondisi reaksi untuk menganalis logam berat dengan asam tanat adalah nilai pH dari asam hingga basa, jenis logam yang dianalisis, dan konsentrasi ligan yang mempengaruhi perubahan warna, rasio konsentrasi dan panjang gelombang kompleks logam-asam tanat. Modifikasi ligan asam tanat juga dapat meningkatkan selektivitas dalam menganalisis logam berat secara spektrofotometri visible.

Background: Raw honey is a natural ingredient which has a variety of nutrients that can be used for alternative treatments for peptic ulcer disease. This study was carried out to examine the antiulcer effects of Raw Honey against Aspirin induced gastritis in rats. Methodology: Wistar rats were separated into 6 groups. Aspirin suspension 200mg/kgBW was given orally to groups 2-6 for 2 days. Then, group 1 and 2 received carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), groups 3-5 were orally forced-fed with 3.5, 7, and 14mL/kgBW of raw honey, and group 6 received 100mg/kgBW Cimetidine. The tested animals were killed after receiving therapy for 15 days and the gastric mucosa was observed macroscopically of the ulcer index and microscopically through histopathological preparations. The antioxidant effect of raw honey was identified from the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA). Conclusion : Treatment with 7 and 14 ml/kgBW of raw honey promotes gastric mucosal repair based on the macroscopic and microscopic observations. Significant decreases in the levels of the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) was observed. Significance was defined as p<0.05 compared to the ulcer control group (Group 6).