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Over the last decade, there has been rapid growth in instant messaging platforms, e.g. WhatsApp, Twitter and Instagram. Academic research on the use of instant messaging platforms is growing, but few studies have looked at the influence instant messaging could have on politics and the impact on world peace. Drawing on the Theory of Communication Action, this paper interrogated the discourses of using Twitter in the context of the USA. Media reports and tweets were analysed using validity claims to check communication distortions or misinformation that could impair the decision-making of policymakers and the public. The American President used Twitter to communicate potentially dangerous messages to American society. It was interesting to note that Twitter decided to fact-check tweets in response to the call from the community at large to have the account shut down.

Institutional arrangements for making the benefits of expert information systems technology available to state enterprises in South Africa have been impacted by information asymmetry. The proliferation of infrastructure improvements has become palpable, hence the necessity to address information asymmetry in the public sector. The reliance on the private sector for expertise and knowledge has exacerbated the information asymmetry gap. A systematic literature review was done on 102 articles using words such as public value, return on government investments, public-private partnerships governance and public accountability, risk management, risk-sharing, and information asymmetry. Content analysis with the use of ATLAS/TI an automated tool was used to analyse the 102 articles that were published in management journals, conference proceedings, and books. The struggle faced by the public sector to overcome information asymmetry was discussed and described. The findings indicated that there is a specific gap in the literature relating to information asymmetry, regarding information and communication technology service delivery using PPP contracts. The contribution of this paper provides literature on information asymmetry and the management of PPP contracts. The employment of skilled information technology professionals in the public sector could eliminate the dependency on private sector resources, thereby minimising the risk of information asymmetry.