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In December 1981, an epizootic of the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis killed an estimated 18 million killifish Orestias spp. in Lake Titicaca, a high-altitude tropical system. Of the dead fish collected. 93% were adult O. agassii. a commercially important species that is abundant in the littoral zone. Juvenile Orestias spp.. pelagic species, and some other littoral zone fishes were slightly affected. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was probably introduced with exotic fishes brought to Lake Titicaca in the 1940s and 1950s.

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