International audienceScientific collaboration encompasses two main issues: knowledge sharing and trust. Geographical distance has an impact on both. Our purpose is to test the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) sophistication on remote collaboration: do collaboratories mean the end of face-to-face interactions?We first analyse the importance of geographical proximity with regard to knowledge transfer and trust. For both, we address the main problems set by geographical distance and the answers provided by ICT. These technologies come in a rich variety in a ‘collaboratory'. They can be classified according to two criteria: their degree of synchronisation and the ‘quality'of the communication cues. It turns out that the diversity of technical solutions can lead to firm solutions or palliatives to overcoming the barriers of geographical proximity. A case study in the field of space physics allows us to test our hypotheses

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International audienceThe role of defense in national innovation systems is a hot topic, because of the complexity of defense systems and the desire to get value-for-money from R&D investment, especially through the commercialization of defense-funded technology. In practice, external transfer has proved to be a difficult, labor-intensive process, which requires a strong commitment from both parties. Here, intellectual property rights (IPR) appear as a strong incentive for collaboration. Analyzing the lack of IPR culture in defense industries elucidates the difficulties and failures in spin-off attempts. We finally propose strategies leading to a market for defense-born technology

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