It is known that during the biomass combustion in industrial systems the formation of residues containing ashes and residual carbon occurs. The content of the residues varies according to the efficiency and operating parameters of the combustion chambers. The characterization of these residues is an essential tool to identify their potential for energy reuse. The aim of this paper was to analyze the thermal behavior of the biomass and the residues yielded during the combustion process in a boiler system. For this purpose, forest biomass and ash samples have been analyzed in a laboratory and at four collection points of generation and treatment of the combustion residues (readler, hopper, scrubber, and decanter) inside the boiler of a power plant. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTA) have been carried out on all samples. Moreover, the ultimate analysis, the proximate analysis and the gross calorific value of all samples have been determined. Results show that the biomass burning efficiency in the boiler furnace was high, which was proven by the chemical composition and thermal degradation behavior of the residues collected in the readler. The scrubber’s light wastes presented chemical and energy properties (7180 kcal/kg, 75% fixed carbon content, 21% volatile content and 3.72% ash content), and thermal behavior similar to the ones found in the literature for eucalyptus charcoal. However, in order to reuse these combustion residues on reinjection or reheat systems, machine adjustments are essential to achieve burning efficiency and avoid operational problems. The decanter wastes did not show potential for energy reuse.
Os problemas relacionados à combustão da biomassa e o seu impacto sobre a eficiência das caldeiras dependem das características do combustível e do projeto e operação dos equipamentos. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo mapear os problemas associados à geração, coleta e tratamento das cinzas da biomassa florestal queimada em caldeiras industriais. O estudo foi realizado em uma usina termelétrica que gera 28MW/hora e usa biomassa florestal como combustível. Foram feitas três coletas de cavacos de madeira, antes da entrada na fornalha da caldeira e em quatro locais de passagem de cinzas na caldeira, onde ocorre o tratamento e recolhimento para disposição final deste resíduo da biomassa. Parte do mix de biomassa foi calcinado em laboratório para comparação entre os pontos de amostragem com as propriedades da biomassa. As propriedades analisadas foram: composição química elementar inorgânica; teste de fusão das cinzas e a potencialidade de ocorrência de problemas por meio dos índices de: deposição das cinzas (R); escória (Rs); incrustação (Fu); viscosidade (Sr) e álcali (Al). Os compostos presentes em maior concentração nas cinzas foram os óxidos de silício, alumínio, ferro, cálcio, potássio e magnésio. A temperatura de fusão das cinzas foi entre 1261°C e 1385°C. O mapeamento dos problemas apontou baixos riscos de formação de escória e viscosidade. O índice de incrustação foi alto para o decantador (0,69) e o readler teve médio potencial de viscosidade (1,11). A formação de álcali ocorreu no readler e decantador, provocando corrosões nestes pontos. Os cálculos dos índices de deposição foram capazes de expressar os problemas que ocorrem na queima da biomassa florestal em caldeira.
The description of the ash formation process during biomass burning and the determination of its physical and energetic properties are fundamental for the improvement of energy generation processes and the prospection of this residue’s reuse. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the energy quality of the biomass burned and the ash generated in the boiler of a thermal power plant that uses forest biomass as fuel, as well as to consider the potential applications of this residue. To this end, the following properties of the ashes collected at four different collection points of the boiler (readler, hopper, scrubber, and decanter) were determined: moisture content; organic and inorganic elemental composition; proximate composition; and gross calorific value. The biomass was calcined in the laboratory and evaluated together with the ashes from calcination to compare the results. Although the wood biomass used by the thermal power plant was a residual material, it presented high energy quality. The physical, chemical and energetic properties of the ashes produced in the boiler varied according to the thermal power plant’s operation conditions. The ashes collected in the hopper showed a high energy potential, but further studies about furnace reconfiguration and retention time in the chamber are needed to allow its efficient burning for energy generation. Ashes from the hopper have the potential to be used as household charcoal and as biochar. The results obtained in this study are fundamentally important and provide a basis for further studies.
Resumo: Neste estudo buscou-se um entendimento sobre as abordagens de criação e aplicação do CBMG (Grafo de modelagem do comportamento do cliente), que mostra o caminho que o cliente segue em um ambiente de Negócios Eletrônico, especificamente dentro de um website de comércio eletrônico, sendo abordado os clientes ocasionais e os clientes frequentes, utilizando métricas de tempo de resposta e R$/segundo. Muitos website têm enfrentado sérios problemas e perdas monetárias quando os seus clientes não conseguem efetuar negócios de forma adequada. Os eventuais clientes, ao perceberem altos tempos de resposta ou baixos índices de disponibilidade, simplesmente abandonam o processo de compra ou a transação comercial, indo realizar negócios em alguma outra loja virtual. Pôde-se perceber que as classes de usuários distintos podem ser representados por diferentes CBMGs, na prática podemos determinar os melhores grafos CBMGs para cada ambiente que representará melhor o perfil dos usuários deste ambiente. Portanto, evidencia-se as métricas econômicas que estão voltadas para a otimização de renda/segundo ao invés de focalizar as métricas de desempenho tradicionais. A possibilidade de se medir um website deve ser construída de forma a exigir a interação do browse e envolver uma metodologia bem definida de medidas da Web. Palavras-Chave: CBMG, Cliente, MétricasAbstract: In this study we sought an understanding of the approaches to the creation and application of CBMG (graphical modeling of customer behavior), which shows the path that follows the customer in an environment of Electronic Business, specifically within a trade website electronic, being approached customers and occasional customers frequent, using metrics for response time and R$/second. Many websites have faced serious problems and financial losses when their customers cannot do business properly. Prospective customers, to realize high response times or low levels of availability, simply abandon the purchase process or business transaction going to conduct business in any other store. It could be perceived that the different classes of users can be represented by different CBMGs in practice we can determine the best CBMGs graphs for each environment that best represent the profile of the users of this environment. Therefore, it is evident economic metrics that are focused on optimizing income / second instead of focusing on the traditional performance metrics. The possibility of measuring a website should be constructed to require interaction browse and involve a well-defined methodology Web measures.
Potencial de utilização de resíduos do beneficiamento da erva mate (Ilex paraguariensis) na produção de painéis de partículas
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