Macaranga species collected from secondary forests in East Kalimantan for biorefinery of unutilized fast growing wood. Biodiversitas 17: 116-123. Wood species for industrial forest plantation has been selected to produce construction wood materials, boards and papers, and unutilized fast growing wood as a source for biofuel production has been out of the scope for selection. Macaranga Thouars (Euphorbiaceae) is widely distributed in the tropics and importance of the genus has been recognized due to its high level of growth rate and adaptability to constitute forest ecosystem. However, potency of the genus as a source for bioethanol production has not been systematically studied. We herein first report differential properties of six Macaranga wood species collected in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a raw feedstock for enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production. Among the wood species examined, the highest sugar yield 48.6% (weight of original wood basis), which corresponds to 315 mL ethanol/kg biomass, was obtained with 5.0% NaOH at 160ºC for M. hypoleuca. Significant differences in the sensitivity to alkaline concentration and temperature have been found among the species. A high sugar yield, 40.4% was obtained for M. winkleri with a low alkaline concentration, 3.5% NaOH at 150ºC, while M. motleyana gave the sugar yield 12.8% under the same condition. M. motleyana required a set of the conditions with higher NaOH concentration 5.0% and temperatures over 160ºC. The harsh condition with 5.0% NaOH at 170ºC promoted delignification of all the species but M. hypoleuca decreased the saccharification yield by raising the temperature from 160ºC to 170ºC, probably due to decomposition of carbohydrate cores. This temperature-dependent negative effect was not observed with 3.5% NaOH for M. hypoleuca. These results indicate that differences in the balance between disintegration effects and excess degradation of carbohydrates are different among the species and the variation should be taken into account on screening. Thus, we found a wide range of diversity in the susceptibility to alkaline pretreatment in the genus Macaranga and selected the wood species giving high productivity of fermentable sugars.

This research aims to analyze the influence of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Non Performing Financing (NPF), and Third Party Fund Growth (DPK growth) to Return On Assets (ROA) of Islamic Rural Bank in Indonesia. All data that uses in this research contained from Sharia Banking Statistic (SPS) Bank Indonesia. This research used the quantitative approach method. The data analysis method used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of this research showed that simultaneously CAR, FDR, NPF, and DPK growth had significant effect to ROA with significant value 0,000. Partially, CAR had not significant effect to ROA, but FDR, NPF, and DPK growth partially had significant effect to ROA. The ability of CAR, FDR, NPF, and DPK growth in explaining ROA ratio of 58%, and the remaining 42% was explained by other variables outside the model used in this research.

Tujuan dari artikel yaitu untuk menguji pengaruhnya dan menganalisis variabel pemahaman maupun sanki pajak terhadap kepatuhan pajak dengan preferensi risiko sebagai variabel moderasi yang terdaftar pada KPP Malang Utara. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada WP dengan pendekatan purposive sampling yang telah lapor SPT. Teknik data yang digunakan dengan analisis regresi linier berganda serta analisis pemoderasi pendekatan uji nilai selisih mutlak. Hasil menyatakan pemahaman serta sanki memengaruhi kepatuhan WP. Preferensi risiko juga mampu memodarasi pemahaman serta sanksi.

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This study is intended to analyze numerically and experimentally the characteristics of heat transfer augmentation and pressure drop of airflow through vortex generators mounted to a heated plate inside a rectangular channel. Delta winglet pairs (DWPs) and concave delta winglet pairs (CDWPs) vortex generators (VGs) with one, two, and three rows were used in this study. Heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop of flow passing through the VGs with a 5 mm diameter hole for one, two, and three holes in certain positions were investigated. VGs were mounted in-line with an attack angle of 15° to the flow. The airflow was assumed to be incompressible; the steady-state and air velocity were varied in the range of 0.4 m/s to 2 m/s. The analysis showed that the use of holes in the delta winglet vortex generators could reduce the pressure drop of 34.14% from the delta winglet without holes at a velocity of 2 m/s. By using perforated delta (DWP VGs) and concave delta winglet (CDWP VGs), the heat transfer coefficient is reduced by 1.81% and 7.03% of the delta and concave delta winglet vortex generators without holes at a velocity of 2 m/s.