For several years, research at the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law (MPI) - in collaboration with experts from all over the world - has examined the trend of bilateral and regional agreements that include provisions on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights. By building on this research, the following principles – express core concerns regarding the use of IP provisions as a bargaining chip in international trade negotiations, the increasing comprehensiveness of international IP rules and the lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the negotiating process; and – recommend international rules and procedures that can achieve a better, mutually advantageous and balanced regulation of international IP. These principles emanate from several consultations within the MPI and especially from a workshop that was held with external experts in October 2012 in Munich, Germany. They represent the views of those first signatories and are open to signature by scholars who share the objectives of the Principles

Am 28. Juni 2013 einigte sich die Staatengemeinschaft auf einer diplomatischen Konferenz der WIPO in Marrakesch auf einen Vertrag zur Einführung einer zwingenden urheberrechtlichen Schranke zugunsten von Blinden, Sehbehinderten und Menschen mit Leseschwäche. 2 Hintergrund für die Verhandlungen über diesen internationalen Vertrag war in erster Linie, dass nach Schätzungen von Blindenorganisationen den weltweit etwa 285 Millionen blinden und sehbehinderten Menschen 1 nur etwa 7 Prozent aller je erschienenen Bücher in einem barrierefreien Format zugänglich sind. 2 In Ent-

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