The fMRI and DTI results confirmed decreased connectivity from both the PCC and hippocampus to the whole brain in MCI and AD and reduction in connectivity between these two regions, which plausibly represents an early imaging biomarker for AD.

No abstract

Electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback has been employed in substance use disorder (SUD) over the last three decades. The SUD is a complex series of disorders with frequent comorbidities and EEG abnormalities of several types. EEG biofeedback has been employed in conjunction with other therapies and may be useful in enhancing certain outcomes of therapy. Based on published clinical studies and employing efficacy criteria adapted by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research, alpha theta training-either alone for alcoholism or in combination with beta training for stimulant and mixed substance abuse and combined with residential treatment programs, is probably efficacious. Considerations of further research design taking these factors into account are discussed and descriptions of contemporary research are given.

This study examines the efficacy of neurofeedback training in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus and describes its relationship with cortical regions known to be involved in executive functions. This study was conducted with eight non-clinical students, four male and four female, with a mean age of twenty-two. Learning occurred in the ACcd at significant levels over sessions and in the anterior regions that receive projections from the AC. There appears to be a multidimensional executive circuit that increases in the same frequency in apparent synchrony with the AC and it may be possible to train this sub-cortical region using LNFB.

Introduction:This study examines the effect of LORETA (low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography) neurofeedback training (LNFB) in three regions of interest; a 7 voxel cluster of neurons in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), a threevoxel cluster of neurons in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and a five-voxel cluster of neurons in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RPFC). We trained participants to increase 14-18 Hz activity in each of the regions of interest (ROI) over twenty sessions. Methods:This study was conducted with fourteen non-clinical students with a mean age of 22. We utilized electrophysiological measurements and subtests of the WAIS-III for pre and post measures to assess the influence of this training protocol. Results:The data indicate significant differences in activation patterns within these regions and throughout the cortex. More specifically the data indicate that the AC shares a significant association with the RPFC and LPFC; however, each region exhibits different cortical effects when trained exclusively. Discussion:Rather then increasing current density selectively in the training region and in the trained frequency, LNFB seems to enhance the functioning of a network of cortical functional units physiologically related to the training region, involving several frequencies possibly associated with the functioning of the network. The AC and RPFC appear to influence a specific frontal circuit in the trained frequency as compared to the LPFC. The AC initiates regions that do not appear to be affected by either of the other ROIs. The data offer further support to the moderation of the central executive by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, particularly in the right hemisphere and AC; as a consequence of the neurofeedback training we observed significant improvements in both working memory and processing speed.