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RESUMO:A colmatação é um fenômeno intrínseco aos sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) utilizados no tratamento de esgotos, sendo decorrente dos mecanismos de remoção de poluentes. Dentre os métodos disponíveis para a avaliação da colmatação, destaca-se o uso de traçadores para a obtenção das condições hidrodinâmicas dos SACs. No entanto, não há um traçador ideal; os salinos, por exemplo, são passíveis de absorção, mecanismo influenciado pelo estádio no qual a planta se apresenta. Assim, objetivou-se, com a realização do trabalho, avaliar a utilização do NaCl para caracterização do grau de colmatação e das condições hidrodinâmicas de SACs de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial, plantado e não plantado, verificar a confiabilidade do uso desse traçador em testes executados durante o estádio de crescimento (após o corte da parte aérea) e o florescimento da taboa (Typha latifolia), além da suscetibilidade de causar danos às plantas. Os resultados indicaram que o NaCl pode ser utilizado para estudos de comparação do grau de colmatação de SACs, inclusive não apresentando danos à taboa. Verificou-se que, após sete anos de operação, a unidade plantada encontra-se mais colmatada e com regime de escoamento mais turbulento. Também foi possível inferir que o corte das plantas propiciou aumento na dispersão no sistema. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:cloreto de sódio; eficiência volumétrica; esgotos; obstrução; plantas; wetlands construídos. SALINE TRACER USE FOR CLOGGING AND HYDRODYNAMIC EVALUATIONS IN HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS ABSTRACT:Clogging is an intrinsic phenomenon of constructed wetland systems (CWs) used in sewage treatment, and resulting from pollutant removal mechanisms. Among clogging evaluation methods, tracers may be highlighted since they can used to determine CW hydrodynamic conditions. However, there is no ideal tracer; saline ones, for example, are able to be absorbed, which is influenced by plant stage. Thus, this study aimed to assess the use of NaCl to characterize the clogging degree and hydrodynamic conditions in subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland, with or without cropping, as well as check this tracer reliability under tests during southern cattail (Typha latifolia) growth stage (after shoot cutting) and flourishing, as well as its ability to damage the plants. The results showed that NaCl could be used for studies comparing the degree of clogging of CWs, aside from presenting no damage to cattail. It was found that after seven years operating, cropped area is further clogged and has more turbulent flow. It was also possible to infer that plant cuttings led to increased dispersion within the system.

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Knowledge of the hydraulic behaviour is very important in the characterization of a stabilization pond, since pond hydrodynamics plays a fundamental role in treatment efficiency. An advanced hydrodynamics characterization may be achieved by carrying out measurements with tracers, dyes and drogues or using mathematical simulation employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The current study involved experimental determinations and mathematical simulations of a full-scale facultative pond in Brazil. A 3D CFD model showed major flow lines, degree of dispersion, dead zones and short circuit regions in the pond. Drogue tracking, wind measurements and dye dispersion were also used in order to obtain information about the actual flow in the pond and as a means of assessing the performance of the CFD model. The drogue, designed and built as part of this research, and which included a geographical positioning system (GPS), presented very satisfactory results. The CFD modelling has proven to be very useful in the evaluation of the hydrodynamic conditions of the facultative pond. A virtual tracer test allowed an estimation of the real mean hydraulic retention time and mixing conditions in the pond. The computational model in CFD corresponded well to what was verified in the field.