Cow's milk is currently the most consumed product worldwide. However, due to various direct and indirect contamination sources, different chemical and microbiological contaminants have been found in cow's milk. This review details the main contaminants found in cow's milk, referring to the sources of contamination and their impact on human health. A comparative approach highlights the poor efficacy and effects of the pasteurization process with other methods used in the treatment of cow's milk. Despite pasteurization and related techniques being the most widely applied to date, they have not demonstrated efficacy in eliminating contaminants. New technologies have appeared as alternative treatments to pasteurization. However, in addition to causing physicochemical changes in the raw material, their efficacy is not total in eliminating chemical contaminants, suggesting the need for new research to find a solution that contributes to improving food safety.

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En la etapa de despulpe del beneficio húmedo de café se generan residuales sólidos constituidos fundamentalmente por cáscara y pulpa. Debido a que el contenido de materia orgánica que presentan en su composición se encuentra en el intervalo del 90.5 ± 1.69 % en base seca, estos aportan una elevada carga contaminante al medio en que son vertidos. Esta característica también otorga a dichos residuales potencialidades como fuente de carbono para el proceso de digestión anaerobia. En el presente trabajo se determinó el potencial de biometano y el efecto del incremento de la carga orgánica volumétrica al tratar pulpa de café fresca (Pc I) tras un periodo de almacenamiento congelada (Pc II) y cáscara de café secada naturalmente (Cs). Los ensayos se desarrollaron a temperatura mesofílica (37 ± 1 ºC), en régimen discontinuo y semicontinuo. La pulpa de café fresca presentó un rendimiento de metano de 259.80 ± 15 NmL CH4/g SV. Los ensayos semicontinuos se evaluaron en términos de rendimiento y productividad de metano. Al implementar diferentes estrategias de alimentación, variando las cargas orgánicas volumétricas iniciales en los sistemas, se constató que los mejores resultados se reflejan con la menor carga aplicada (0.2 g SV/L d). No se recomienda la operación de sistemas anaerobios para el tratamiento de residuos sólidos cafetaleros a cargas superiores a 0.5 g SV/L d.

The use of food additives (such as dyes, which improve the appearance of the products) has become more prominent, due to the rapid population growth and the increase in demand for beverages and processed foods. The dyes are usually found in effluents that are discharged into the environment without previous treatment; this promotes mass contamination and alters the aquatic environment. In recent years, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have proven to be effective technologies used for wastewater treatment through the destruction of the total organic content of toxic contaminants, including food dyes. Studies have shown that the introduction of catalysts in AOPs improve treatment efficiency (i.e., complete decomposition without secondary contamination). The present review offers a quick reference for researchers, regarding the treatment of wastewater containing food dyes and the different types of AOPs, with different catalyst and nanocatalyst materials obtained from traditional and green chemical syntheses.