The literature contains several reports (I, 2, 3, 4, 5) to the effect that, a moving overhead "shape in relation to direction of movement" (5, p. 77) acts as a sign stimulus for domestic and other fowl independently of any previous experience with these configurations-i.e., the same shape in different directions serves as a sign to release different responses. Thus, Tinbcrgen (4, p. 35) reports that a cardboard model designed to look like a hawk (H) when flown in one direction "caused escape reactions, such as flight and crouching," whereas this same model when flown in the opposite direction looks like a goose (G) and elicits "merely superficial interest." None of these studies, however, reports the use of certain important controls such as the testing of individual birds and the use of birds with a known developmental history. We decided therefore to make such tests under controlled conditions on birds raised in the laboratory.MKTIIOl)

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3 experiments investigated the effects of the presence or absence of receding and decoding cues on short-terra memory (STM) for 3-letter items. The retention intervals were 3, 13, 39 sec. in Experiments I and II; 3, 12, 36 sec. in Experiment III. The Ss were 36 men and women in Experiment I, 24 in Experiment II, 30 in Experiment III. The results were (a) that receding cues facilitated STM with low meaningfulness but interfered with STM with high meaningfulness (p < .01), (b) decoding cues facilitated STM with low meaningfulness (p < .01).

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