A Viking-Age hogback, recently discovered in the Wirral, is the smallest known example of this type of stone monument and forms part of a marked concentration of tenth-and eleventh-century carvings around the beach market at Meols. Its elaborate decoration is not only allusively Christian but visually asserts an identity with Hiberno-Norse groups in north Yorkshire.

The Copenhagen Metro includes six cut and cover stations located in the centre of Copenhagen, the deepest of which is Norreport. The observational method was used to eliminate a level of temporary propping at Norreport station in order to maintain the station excavation programme to suit the arrival of the tunnel-boring machine. This paper describes the development of the monitoring and control system associated with the use of the observational method by a team including the client, the permanent and temporary works designers and construction team members.

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