In this article, we appreciate the effects of institutional quality on five dimensions of fragilities in Africa: economic, political, social, security and environmental. From a sample of 51 countries, we estimate a model in panel data by the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS), so robustness is tested by a Probit model over the period 1995-2016. Our results show that, Corruption, Rule of Law and Regulation quality increase global, economic, political, social, security and environmental fragilities in Africa. We then suggest the strengthening of institutional quality through the implementation of a people-based democratic system where the leadership commitment is a priority.