No abstract

Abstract-To support a high penetration of intermittent solar and wind power generation, many regions are planning to add new high capacity transmission lines. These additional transmission lines strengthen grid synchronization, but will also increase the grid's short circuit capacity, and furthermore will be very costly. With a highly interconnected grid and variable renewable generation, a small grid failure can easily start cascading outages, resulting in large scale blackout. We introduce the "digital grid," where large synchronous grids are divided into smaller segmented grids which are connected asynchronously, via multileg IP addressed ac/dc/ac converters called digital grid routers. These routers communicate with each other and send power among the segmented grids through existing transmission lines, which have been repurposed as digital grid transmission lines. The digital grid can accept high penetrations of renewable power, prevent cascading outages, accommodate identifiable tagged electricity flows, record those transactions, and trade electricity as a commodity.

Abstract-To support a high penetration of intermittent solar and wind power generation, many regions are planning to add new high capacity transmission lines. These additional transmission lines strengthen grid synchronization, but will also increase the grid's short circuit capacity, and furthermore will be very costly. With a highly interconnected grid and variable renewable generation, a small grid failure can easily start cascading outages, resulting in large scale blackout. We introduce the "digital grid," where large synchronous grids are divided into smaller segmented grids which are connected asynchronously, via multileg IP addressed ac/dc/ac converters called digital grid routers. These routers communicate with each other and send power among the segmented grids through existing transmission lines, which have been repurposed as digital grid transmission lines. The digital grid can accept high penetrations of renewable power, prevent cascading outages, accommodate identifiable tagged electricity flows, record those transactions, and trade electricity as a commodity.

Surgical specimens from 25 patients with intraductal papilloma were subjected to 3‐dimensional (3‐D) reconstruction studies of their mammary ducts. Papillomas of the multiple type (15 cases) always originated in the terminal duct lobular units (TDLU), whereas all papillomas of the solitary type (10 cases) originated in the large ducts except for one. In 6 of the 25 (24%) patients ductal carcinomas were accidentally found during specimen reconstruction. Two of the six patients harbored microscopic carcinoma as small as 3 mm or less. Three‐D reconstructions revealed that carcinomas with multifocal origins in the TDLUs were connected with peripheral papilloma. Papilloma preceding carcinoma was of the multiple type in five patients, and of the solitary type in one. This study also showed that 6 of the 16 (37.5%) patients with papilloma originating in the periphery had carcinomas, whereas none of the nine patients originating in the center did. This observation strongly suggests that the peripheral papilloma is highly susceptible to cancerous change.

Adjuvant UFT improves the overall survival of node-negative breast cancer patients. Given that UFT has milder adverse effects, it is suggested that UFT can be a useful alternative to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in the adjuvant treatment for node-negative breast cancer.