The effect of application time of CPP-ACPF on enamel hardness. Remineralization process can increase the hardness of enamel due to demineralization process. CPP-ACPF is a material used for enhancing remineralization. However, the application time of CPP-ACPF remain controversial among previous studies. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of various application times of CPP-ACPF on enamel hardness. Thirty premolar teeth were mounted on self cure acrylic resin, and were divided into 5 groups. Demineralization process was performed, and enamel hardness (pre-est) was measured by Vickers Hardness Tester. Remineralization was performed using CPP-ACPF in various application times: 3, 15, 30, 60 minutes, and the control group was only immersed in artificial saliva for 60 minutes, then enamel hardness was measured (posttest). Data were analyzed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Bonferroni. The result of paired t-test showed that all the groups, except the control group, have an increasing enamel hardness that was statistically significant. One-way ANOVA results showed no statistically significant difference among the groups at pretest, but one-way ANOVA results showed statistically significant difference at posttest. Post hoc Bonferroni showed that the significantly difference at posttest occurred between all the treatment groups against the control group, but there were no significant differences between the 3 minutes group to 15 minutes group, between 15 minutes group to 30 minutes group, and between 30 minutes group to 60 minutes group. It was concluded that various application times of CPP-ACPF had an effect on increasing enamel hardness. ABSTRAKProses remineralisasi dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email yang menurun akibat demineralisasi. Bahan remineralisasi yang ideal adalah CPP-ACPF. Terdapat perbedaan lama aplikasi CPP-ACPF dalam berbagai penelitian, selain itu total lama aplikasi yang dibutuhkan CPP-ACPF dalam mekanisme remineralisasi belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama aplikasi CPP-ACPF terhadap kekerasan email. Tiga puluh mahkota gigi premolar yang ditanam dalam resin akrilik self cure dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, kemudian dilakukan proses demineralisasi. Kekerasan email kemudian diukur menggunakan alat Vickers Hardness Tester. Proses remineralisasi menggunakan CPP-ACPF dilakukan pada masing-masing kelompok dalam berbagai lama aplikasi yaitu 3 menit, 15 menit, 30 menit, 60 menit, serta perendaman dalam saliva buatan selama 60 menit (kontrol). Kekerasan email kemudian diukur kembali (posttest). Data diuji secara statistik menggunakan t-test berpasangan, one-way ANOVA dan post hoc Bonferroni. Hasil paired t-test menunjukkan bahwa seluruh kelompok, kecuali kelompok kontrol, mengalami peningkatan rata-rata kekerasan email secara signifikan. Hasil uji one-way ANOVA pada pretest menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan kekerasan email yang signifikan. Hasil uji one-way ANOVA pada posttest menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kekerasan email yang signifikan. Hasil uji post Hoc Bonferroni menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kekerasan email yang signifikan pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan terhadap kelompok kontrol, tetapi perbedaan kekerasan email antara kelompok lama aplikasi 3 menit dengan 15 menit, antara lama aplikasi 15 menit dengan 30 menit, serta antara lama aplikasi 30 menit dengan 60 menit tidak menunjukkan perbedaan kekerasan email yang signikan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah berbagai lama aplikasi CPP-ACPF berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kekerasan email.

Dental erosion is defined as irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, caused by acid condition in the oral cavity without bacterial involvement. One of the signs of dental erosion is calcium dissolution of the enamel. Yoghurt is a fermented beverage that has low pH level due to lactic acid. The aim of this study was to measure the solubility of calcium enamel after soaking in yoghurt for 12 and 18 hours. Twenty-four premolars were divided into 4 groups. Group A and B were soaked in milk for 12 and 18 hours; group C and D were soaked in yoghurt for 12 and 18 hours. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to measure the solubility of calcium from each sample. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD (p<0.05). This study indicated that soaking premolars in yoghurt for 18 hours has greater enamel calcium dissolution than in yoghurt for 12 hours. It can be concluded that prolonged soaking premolars in yoghurt will increase the calcium enamel dissolution.Key words: dental erosion, yoghurt, pH level, Calcium dissolution. ABSTRAK

Background. Dental and gum disease is a health problem faced by many countries around the world. Dental and gum diseases begin with the formation of plaque on the tooth surface, as a result of the activities of bacteria in the oral cavity. Elimination of the bacteria as caries causal has been done in many ways, one of them by using plant extracts which have anticariogenic activities, such as gambir (Uncaria Gambir [Roxb.]). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chewing candy containing gambir on the decrease of bacterial colonies and dental plaque formation. Methods. A Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design had been conducted in SMPN 17 of Junior High School in Palembang and Province’s Health Laboratory of South Sumatera, Indonesia. The population consisted of 50 participants, divided into 5 groups. Each group was chewing with 5%, 7.5%, 10% extract-gambir candies, no chewing candies, and chewing sucrose’s candies. Data were analyzed by using SPSS vers 22. Result. The results showed that all candies containing gambir extract were able to reduce the formation of dental plaque and to decrease the bacterial colonies in saliva. The best effect of this study was 10% extract-gambir candies. Conclusion. It can be concluded that extract-gambir candies were effective in the decline of dental plaque formation and bacterial colonies.

Introduction:  The  addition  of  topical  CPP-ACPF  and  fTCP  on  tooth  enamel  can improve enamel hardness due to remineralization process. Demineralization can occur during  acid  environment  in  the oral  cavity  and  enamel  hardness  can  decrease. Objective:  To determine  the effect of isotonic solution immersion  and compare tooth enamel hardness after CPP-ACPF and fTCP application. Methods: Thirty six crowns of  maxillary first premolars were divided into three groups, each consisted of 12 tooth crowns.  The  baseline  hardness  of  each  sample  (pre-test)  was  tested  using  Vicker’s Hardness Tester Digital. Afterwards,  CPP-ACPF  was applied to group A, fTCP was applied to group B, and artificial saliva to group C (control) for 24 hours, then the hardness was re-assessed  (post-test 1). Immersion in isotonic solution was conducted for  24  hours  to  simulate  demineralization  process,  then  enamel hardness  was  re- assessed  (post-test  2). Results:  Paired  t-test  on post-test  1 revealed  that all groups showed  significant  increase  and  post-test  2  showed  significant  enamel   hardness decrease.  The results  of  one-way  ANOVA  on  pre-test  showed  that  there  was  no significant difference, while post test 1 and post-test 2 revealed significant difference. Post-Hoc Bonferroni test showed that there was no statistically significant difference of enamel hardness between groups. Conclusion: There was an effect of isotonic solution immersion on tooth enamel hardness that were given topical CPP-ACPF and fTCP.