Treatment for sicknesses in healthcare is a crucial determinant to improve health. In Indonesia, the unmet need for healthcare is common for people in the lower economic group. This study aims to examine how food insecurity affects outpatient care using the indicators of food insecurity to highlight individuals with high health risks and experiencing problems with limited resources. The data used in this study consisted of 159,236 individuals representing different age ranges from the 2017 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) and the 2018 Village Potential Census (PODES). Data were analyzed using ivprobit to address bias due to the endogeneity in the food insecurity variables. The results indicate that a higher food insecurity score will increase the chances of not accessing modern healthcare for outpatient care when sick. Several variables like sex, types of residence, number of household members living together, access to healthcare, health insurance, social protection, and illness characteristic were also found to influence individual behavior in not utilizing modern healthcare for outpatient care. This study suggests that policymakers should pay attention to the utilization of modern healthcare, especially for outpatient care in groups experiencing food insecurity.

Pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan, khususnya pada anak. Namun, kemiskinan dan karakteristik orang tua khususnya ibu sering kali menjadi faktor utama yang memengaruhi pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan pada anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Susenas 2017 dan Podes 2018 untuk melihat pengaruh kemiskinan dan karakteristik ibu terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan untuk rawat jalan pada anak. Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah 50.437 anak yang memiliki keluhan kesehatan, terganggu aktifitas dalam sebulan terakhir dan tinggal bersama ibu kandung. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan menggunakan regresi logistik.  Hasil menunjukkan jika sekitar satu dari tiga anak tidak memanfaatkan pelayanan kesehatan untuk rawat jalan ketika sakit. Selanjutnya, dengan metode regresi logistik, terbukti jika kemiskinan keluarga berpengaruh signifikan dan negatif terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan untuk rawat jalan pada anak di Indonesia (OR=0,79). Sedangkan pendidikan dan status bekerja ibu berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan perlunya memberikan kemudahan akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan pada anak yang ada pada rumah tangga miskin, disamping perlunya meningkatkan pemberdayaan perem-puan, khususnya ibu untuk dapat meningkatkan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan khususnya rawat jalan pada anak.

Indonesia tends to be lower than men. In married women, decisions to participate in labor force are more complicated related to their duties at home. Economic difficulties is one of the reason for their participation. This research aims to look the relationship of household food insecurity that illustrates the economic difficulties and material hardship of the family to the woman labor force participation. Using 2017 Susenas survey, this paper assesed food insecurity from Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The results show that labor force participation in married women is 50,05 percent where most of the married women work in informal sector (60,31 percent). However, probit regression shows that tendencies of married women to participate into labor market higher with the severity of the food insecurity. Married women who experience severe food insecurity 6,3 point percent more likely to participate in the labor force than the one who has food security. But overall, education, husband's working status and type of residence are the strongest determinant of married women labor force participation.