Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global problem, especially with the high prevalence of HIV-TB co-infection. Delayed diagnosis and continual transmission contribute to high mortality in Indonesia, which has the third highest incidence of TB in the world, after China and India. Therefore, early diagnosis is needed to reduce the number of cases and to administer therapy to prevent the transmission of bacteria. The diagnosis of TB remains a challenge in clinical practice due to poor sensitivity and the requirement of skilled staff in microscopic tests, the slow growth Mycobacterium in culture, and the low number of bacilli present in extrapulmonary TB. Despite being the golden standard for TB diagnosis, cultures require 2–8 weeks to grow. Other methods for diagnosing TB include interferon-gamma release assays and serologic tests such as the tuberculin skin test. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosing TB. This review presents the current state of TB epidemiology and various methods for TB diagnosis. In particular, the paper provides an in-depth discussion about the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay that has been made available recently in selected tertiary hospitals in Indonesia.
Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit menular yang masih menjadi masalah utama di Indonesia dan dunia. Tantangan utama dalam mendiagnosis TB secara konvensional yaitu rendahnya sensitivitas deteksi pada pemeriksaan mikroskopis dan lamanya waktu yang diperlukan untuk kultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi metode GeneXpert MTB/RIF untuk mendeteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan sampel dahak langsung di RSUD Dr. Moewardi (RSDM), Surakarta. Analisis observasional dengan pendekatan kohort retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan GeneXpert MTB/RIF pada sampel dahak langsung di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik RSDM pada tahun 2012-2015. Sampel didapatkan dari pasien yang memenuhi kriteria suspek multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) dan sampel tersebut telah dikultur di Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan (BLK), Jawa Tengah. Data dianalisis dengan OpenEpi versi 3, Epi Info 7, dan MedCalc. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif dan negatif (NDP dan NDN) serta akurasi metode GeneXpert MTB/RIF sebesar 93,62%, 27,17%, 68,89%, 71,21%, dan 69,21%. Prevalensi TB paru pada sampel yang diperiksa sebesar 63,27%. Rendahnya spesifisitas GeneXpert MTB/RIF mengindikasikan perlunya kultur sebagai baku emas. Namun demikian, perlu standarisasi pemrosesan sampel dahak dalam segi teknik dan waktu pengambilan sampel disertai data klinis yang memadai untuk melihat riwayat terapi yang telah diberikan pada pasien.
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