ABSTRACT. Breeding sites of Neotropical Drosophilidae (Diptera). IV. Living and fallen flowers of Sessea brasiliensis and Cestrum spp. (Solanaceae). The flowering phenologies of Sessea brasiliensis and three species of Cestrum (C. amictum, C. schlechtendalii and C. sendtnerianum), all belonging to the Solanaceae, were monitored in a fragment of the montane Atlantic rain forest within São Paulo city from July 1993 through June 1995. A total of 11,021 flies belonging to five species of the flavopilosa group of Drosophila (D. cestri, D. cordeiroi, D. hollisae, D. incompta and D. mariaehelenae), plus 1,244 flies belonging to four species of Zygothrica (Z. dispar, Z. vittimaculosa, Z. vittinubila and Z. aff. vittipunctata) emerged from 33,955 sampled flowers. Cestrum amictum, C. sendtnerianum and Sessea brasiliensis are recorded for the first time as host plants for the species of the Neotropical flavopilosa group of Drosophila. Additionally, at least ten less abundant taxa belonging also to the Drosophilidae, plus 1,073 microhymenopteran parasitoids (Braconidae, Eucoilidae, and Pteromalidae), emerged from the sampled flowers of S. brasiliensis e Cestrum spp. The present study raised from nine to eleven the number of species of Cestrum previously recorded as breeding sites for these flies. A comprehensive list of species of Solanaceae known to host six species of Drosophila and four species of Zygothrica in southeastern and southern Brazil is included. Many species of holometabolic insects use ephemeral resources (e.g. fungi, flowers, fruits, etc.) as sites for adult feeding and courting, and larval development. There is, however, variation in the degree of specificity in relation to their host plants. This variation might be related to diverse factors, such as predictability and availability of plant resources in time and space, the diversity of plant species within a community, and the spatial relationships and associations among individual plants (Cates 1980(Cates , 1981Vasconcellos-Neto 1991).Some species of insect that use ephemeral resources, however, have become highly specialized. Those using one or a few species of plants belonging to the same family are considered monophagous, whereas those breeding from a wide Breeding sites of Neotropical Drosophilidae (Diptera). IV. Living and fallen flowers of Sessea brasiliensis and Cestrum spp. (Solanaceae)

ResumoIntrodução: A doença de Parkinson (DP) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo e progressivo, caracterizado pela apresentação de distúrbios motores. Ocasiona déficits nas aferências sensoriais que por sua vez, resultam em instabilidade no controle da postura. Objetivo: Sistematizar o conhecimento acerca das principais alterações posturais em pessoas com Doença de Parkinson. Material e métodos: Tratou-se de uma revisão de literatura. A pesquisa fora conduzida nas bases de dados eletrônicas da Pubmed, SciELO, Google Scholar e Science Direct. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: "doença de Parkinson", "alterações posturais", "avaliação postural" e "fotogrametria"; nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa. Resultados: A busca resultou em 30 artigos aceitáveis. Foram excluídos 23 artigos que analisaram o controle postural e/ou instabilidade postural em pacientes com DP por meio da posturografia. Outros que avaliaram o equilíbrio, abordavam desvios no tronco ou apenas segmentos isoladamente, que tenham apresentado resultados referentes à análise postural de parkinsonianos após tratamento de alterações na postura também foram excluídos. Desta forma, sete artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, nos idiomas inglês e português, foram incluídos. Considerações finais: Identificou-se que há predomínio de alterações posturais no plano sagital com associação de uma postura arqueada.Palavras-chave: Doença de Parkinson; Postura; Fotogrametria; Envelhecimento.• Artigo submetido para avaliação em 24/12/2015 e aceito para publicação em 01/02/2016 To systematically arrange the knowledge on the main postural alterations in subjects with PD. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using electronic databases from PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The keywords picked were "Parkinson's Disease", "postural alterations", "postural evaluation" and "photogrammetry"; the search was conducted both in English and in Portuguese. Results: The initial search resulted in thirty papers found, but twenty-three of them were excluded because they evaluated postural control or instability using posturography. Papers that evaluated equilibrium, trunk deviation and segmental abnormalities were also excluded from the final analysis. Seven papers, published in English or in Portuguese in the last ten years were selected for the final analysis. Conclusions: There is a predominant sagittal plan postural alteration associated with an arched posture in subjects with PD.

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