PROBLEMPsilocybin is similar in effect to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) (5). Psilocybin is not usually considered to produce a toxic psychosis or a state of organic intoxication because memory and orientation are spared and gross confusion is absent. Nevertheless, the clinical syndrome suggests intoxication sufficient to justify its study by a perceptual-cognitive-motor test. Some caution in test selection is necessary because psilocybin also produces some motor incoordination. Therefore, the Trail Making Test(3) involving the performance of a less complex test on Part A and a more complex test on Part B, both of which require the same motor response, was selected.There is more data but equal controversy as to whether LSD causes any features of exogenous psychosis. Stoll's (a) initial observations of LSD described toxic features. Rinkel, DeShon, Hyde and Solomon(') noted that LSD produced "concrete" results on a test of concrete vs. abstract thinking. They interpreted this as similar to schizophrenia. Organic change produces similar effects (2). Abramson, Jarvik, Hi.rsch and Ewald(l) reported that LSD produces impairment in tests of spatial orientation. Nevertheless the general tendency is to differentiate between the LSD reaction and exogenous psychosis.A simple double-blind study of psilocybin is of little value for control purposes as the presence or absence of the drug effect is obvious to experimenters and subjects. Thus, dextro-amphetamine was added with psylocybin and placebo in a double-blind procedure. Dextro-amphetamine produces some arousal and excitation(6) and thereby produces some uncertainty as to which drug, if any, is present. A secondary reason for the use of dextro-amphetamine was to discern its effects on performance of the Trail Making Test. METHODThe Ss were 8 male university students who volunteered to participate in a drug study. Each S took all three "drugs" on separate days under the supervision of the second author. They were aware that the study involved psilocybin (Ps), dextro-amphetamine (DA), and placebo (PL), but they did not know on which day they were getting each. The "drugs" in black capsules were administered in the following order: two SS PL, DA, Ps; two SS Ps, DA, PL; two Ss DA, PL, Ps; and two Ss, Ps, PL, DA. The "drugs" were administered in the following dosage: Ps, 0.2 milligrams per kilogram body weight; DA, 30 milligrams; and PL, capsule full of sugar.After a sufficient time interval each S was administered the Trail Making Test, Part A and Part B, in that order. Performance was measured in seconds required to complete each part of the test. RESULTSInspection of data revealed a posi tivcly skcwcd distribution. Square root transformations wcre done to decrcasc the skcwncss. Tablc 1 presents the means and standard deviations in seconds for Part A and Part B of the Trail Making Test for each "drug" condition.Analysis of variancc rcvcalcd a significant main effcct for both Part A and Part B and for thc thrcc "drug" conditions. Part B was corisistcntly inorc difficult tha...

The routine usage of intellecmal tests in research and diagnosis makes a short-form test desirable. However, recent criticisms of short forms have been made (Kramer & Francis, 1965;Silverstein, 1965). The purpose of this study was to give consideration to these criticisms and ro develop a short form of the WAIS for the evaluation of patients with organic brain damage.The standard form WAIS ( 1 1 subtests) was administered to 142 patients with organic brain damage (100 males, 42 females). Their age range was 16 to 72 yr. ( M = 48.05, SD = 16.93). The Full Scale IQ range was 56 to 139 ( M = 92.48, SD = 16.05).Brain damage was determined by standard neurological and neurosurgical techniques. Two short forms were developed. The four-subtest form consisted of Similarities and Vocabulary from the verbal scale and Block Design and Picture Arrangement from the performance scale. The six-subtest form included Information, Similarities, and Vocabulary from the verbal scale and Picture Completion, Block Design, and Picmre Arrangement from the performance scale. The scaled scores from each of the short forms were prorated to provide estimates of the standard form. The intraclass correlation, R, was used (Haggard, 1958). Next the short forms were compared with the standard form for agreement as to intellectual classification. Finally, a frequency distribution was worked out for the differences between the short forms and standard form IQ scores.The correlations between the four-subtest form and the standard form were: Verbal IQ .92, Performance IQ 9 2 , Full Scale IQ .95. The correlations between the six-subtest form and the standard form were: Verbal IQ 9 6 , Performance IQ .96, Full Scale IQ .97. The four-subtest form, in comparison to the standard form, misclassified as follows: Verbal 1Q 3796, Performance IQ 3796, Full Scale IQ 32%. The six-subtest form, in cornparlson to the standard form, misclassified as follows: Verbal I Q 2876, Performance IQ 21 C/o, Full Scale IQ 18%. With regard to deviation of the short-form IQs from the standard form IQs, the four-subtest form required a 20-point range, and the six-subtest form required a 14-point range to encompass 95% of the scores.The present evidence tends to support the position that a short-form WAIS is a valid instrument for evaluating intellecrual functioning of patients with organic brain damage, especially where time limits are imposed. REFERENCES HAGGARD, E. Iniraclass correlation and the analysis of variance. New York: Dryden, 1958. KRAMER, E., & FRANCIS, P. Errors in intelligence estimation with short forms of the

A recent study has shown that damage to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) of the midbrain abolishes a previously formed brightness discrimination habit in rats (Thompson & Massopust, 1960). That this nucleus seems to be implicated in visual performance rather than the adjacent midbrain structures (red nucleus, medial lemniscus, oculomotor nucleus, mammillary peduncle, mammillo-tegmental tract) is indicated by two lines of evidence. First, lesions placed immediately lateral, superior, or posterior to the IPN are without effect on retention. In the second place, the degree of memory loss in percentage of error savings was found to be highly correlated with the extent of damage to the IPN (rho = .85).The present study reports the results of three experiments which were designed to provide further information concerning the role of the IPN in retention. In Experiment 1, an attempt was made to determine whether damage to the IPN impairs retention of a brightness discrimination when the hunger motive is employed. The initial report by Thompson and Massopust utilized avoidance of shock to the feet as a motive. Experiments 2 and 3 were aimed at ascertaining whether or not the IPN functions in memory of nonvisual habits. Two different problems involving different sense modalities were investigated. In one, rats were trained on a kinesthetic discrimination in an incline box (Experiment 2), while the other involved conditioning rats to make a jumping response to the onset of a buzzer (Experiment 3).

150 males and 45 females were administered the Philosophy of Human Nature (PHN) Scale and the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale. Sex differences were found on the PHN subscales, and the two sexes were treated separately. Both male and female sensitizers believed human nature to be more negative than did repressers, but female sensitizers presented a more selective negative view on the subscales associated with the positive vs negative view of human nature. No relationship was found in either sex between the R-S dimension and the beliefs about the extent of complexity or variability present in human nature.

To study the function of personality variables in the perception of other people, 52 undergraduate males were administered the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale and the Embedded-figures Test. Relatively low but significant positive correlations were found between field independence and trustworthiness, altruism, and the positive view of human nature. There was no significant correlation between field independence and strength of will, independence, complexity, and variability. Apparently, the personality of the one perceiving is relevant to what is perceived in the other person.