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The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze scientific evidence available in the literature to answer the following question: Are psychological disorders associated with the development of oral lichen planus (OLP)? Using scientific databases (PubMed, LILACS, and Science Direct), a literature search was conducted between December 2016 and January 2017, using previously selected keywords. Two independent reviewers critically assessed the results in three stages, strictly obeying the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined in the study protocol. We assessed paper quality based on STROBE (Strengthening The Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology). After analysis, we selected 14 papers, of which 10 showed evidence of association between psychological disorders (in particular, stress, anxiety, and depression) and the development of OLP. The paper-quality assessment by means of STROBE showed that 13 papers presented intermediate quality and one paper presented high quality. In the present systematic review, we found an association between psychological disorders and the development of OLP. K E Y W O R D Sanxiety, depression, oral lichen planus, stress, systematic review