El método de PISA es el método recomendado en las guías como primera aproximación a la cuantificación de la insuficiencia mitral. Conocer los trucos y limitaciones es imprescindible para la práctica clínica diaria.

Background Cardiac involvement is one of the most frequent manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) may be valuable for the early detection of cardiac abnormalities in SLE. Few studies analyze both TTE findings in SLE and the risk factors that predispose to different cardiac manifestations in a long follow-up cohort. We aimed to investigate cardiac involvement’s prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in a Spanish Lupus Clinic. Methods Spanish single-center prospective study of cardiac involvement in SLE. Two hundred and one patients met the 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria, performed TTE, and were eligible for the study. Results Cardiac involvement was present in 43.8%. Patients with older age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, higher body mass index, peripheral arterial disease, thrombosis, and major cardiovascular events had significantly more cardiac involvement. Neurological, hematological, and serosal involvement (pleuritis and/or pericarditis) were clinical risk factors for abnormal TTE. The combination of the four clinical variables (dyspnea, chest pain, cough, and/or syncope) was present in 40.9% of the patients with abnormal TTE in the follow-up and was superior to each of the manifestations separately. Troponin I (TnI) ≥ 0.2 ng/mL and NTproBNP ≥ 300 pg/mL were excellent biomarkers with a good correlation with cardiac abnormalities. Anti-B2GP1 was the only autoantibody associated with cardiac involvement in our cohort. Presenting cardiac involvement was correlated with higher SLICC Damage Index and increased mortality risk in the 2-year follow-up period. Conclusions Cardiac involvement in SLE is diverse, heterogeneous, and highly prevalent. Presenting a pathological TTE was associated with greater damage accrual and greater mortality. Based on our results, we consider that echocardiographic screening of patients with SLE is essential, especially those symptomatic and/or with risk factors, to diagnose and treat cardiac involvement earlier.

La función de los agentes de contraste es intensificar la señal de ultrasonidos La ecocardiografía de contraste se realiza para evaluar la función del ventrículo izquierdo de forma global y regional, para descartar masas o trombos y para la evaluación de la función miocárdica.

La cuantificación de la presión pulmonar, forma parte de la exploración rutinaria en ecocardiografía. Un protocolo estandarizado en este campo es fundamental para evitar errores diagnósticos.

La estenosis aórtica es la valvulopatía primaria más común y la tercera enfermedad más frecuente tras la hipertensión y la cardiopatía isquémica. La ecocardiografía es la técnica de elección para el diagnóstico y cuantificación de la severidad de la estenosis aórtica.