Objective: The aim of this paper was to compare the performance of a group of patients with early Alzheimer’s disease (EAD) against a control group of healthy control (HC) subjects in the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), i.e. verbal command versus copying of a clock model presented to the subject. Patients and Methods: The authors have studied 140 subjects; 70 patients with probable EAD, with a mean age of 76.4 ± 7.64 years and a clinical dementia rating stage 1 (mild dementia), and70 HC with a mean age of 75.16 ± 6.34 years. Results: Patients in the EAD group obtained significantly higher scores on the copy command mode than on the verbal command mode (Z = –7.129, p < 0.001) – improvement pattern of the CDT – whereas no statistically significant differences were found in the HC group (Z = –2.001, p < 0.080). Within the group of EAD patients, we have noticed that there is a correlation between the copy command mode and the visual-constructive functions of the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) (r = 0.607, p < 0.01), while the memory functions of the CAMCOG correlate with the verbal command mode (r = 0.704, p < 0.01). Conclusions: In our study, the EAD patients show an improvement pattern in the execution of the CDT copy command in comparison with the execution of the CDT verbal command, which we did not observe in the HC group. Such results might be associated with a greater deterioration of the memory functions when compared with the visual-constructive ones in the patients with EAD.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of skin sample site on the efficacy of trisodium phosphate (TSP) solutions in reducing Listeria monocytogenes populations on chicken carcasses during refrigerated storage. Chicken skin samples from the legs, the breasts, and the dorsal area inoculated with L. monocytogenes (10(8) CFU/ml) were dipped for 15 min in sterile tap water (control) or in 8, 10, or 12% TSP. L. monocytogenes counts and surface pH values were determined after 0, 1, 3, and 5 days of storage at 2 degrees C. For all sampling times and TSP concentrations, the reductions in L. monocytogenes numbers in breast skin were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than those in leg skin or dorsal skin. No significant differences were found in pH values as an effect of skin site. Our results suggest that skin sampling site is an important factor that needs to be considered when decontamination protocols are developed for poultry carcasses with the TSP treatment.

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