T he Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and yellow fever. This mosquito species is common in urbanized areas in the tropics because it is highly adapted to live in close association with humans, preferentially feeding on blood of human hosts and laying eggs in containers located around human dwellings (1-6). Estimates indicate that ≈3 billion persons live in areas with ongoing DENV transmission (7).Traditional entomologic surveillance for Ae. aegypti mosquitoes is based on periodic inspections of larvae and pupae in domestic breeding sites, which provide measures of infestation known as the house index (HI), the percentage of houses in which >1 larvae or pupae was collected, and Breteau index (BI), the number of containers positive for larvae or pupae divided by the number of inspected houses. By using available infestation data, public health managers intensify control strategies in the areas with higher indices. Of note, indices based on collection of immature mosquitoes face many criticisms because surveys are costly to perform with the frequency required for adequate surveillance; indices are highly dependent on the agent's motivation to effectively search for larvae in myriad container types, including cryptic and hard-to-access containers; surveys do not consider container productivity (i.e., these surveys might only provide measures of presence or absence immature mosquitoes); and larval density has proven to be a poor indicator of adult mosquito density (8-12).Traps capturing adult mosquitoes could be a promising alternative to larval surveys because they sample the vector life stage that is directly responsible for transmission and provide qualitative (percent positive traps) and quantitative (number of captured mosquitoes per trap) indices (8,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Adult traps provide relative measurements of the vector population, expressed in units of mosquitoes by area, mosquitoes per person, or mosquitoes per trap (8,18,19). Therefore, adopting adult traps in an arbovirusendemic setting likely would provide relevant information regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

The Iguaçu National Park (INP) is the largest remnant of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, representing an ecological continuum with Argentina. The INP harbours a diverse fauna, with ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1976, Carnivora: Procyonidae) in close contact with tourists either begging and/or snatching food from visitors. A potentially novel haemotropic Mycoplasma sp. has been previously detected in the ring-tailed coatis from central-western and southern Brazil. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of haemotropic Mycoplasma sp. and tickborne pathogens in wild ring-tailed coatis from the INP, Foz do Iguaçu municipality, Paraná State, southern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 18 wild ring-tailed coatis and evaluated by conventional PCR (cPCR) assays for haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (16S and 23S rRNA), Theileria/Babesia spp. (18S rRNA) and Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp. (16S rRNA, sodB, dsb and groEL). Eight out of 18 (44.44%; 95% CI: 24.56%-66.28%) animals were positive for haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. All ring-tailed coatis tested negative for Theileria/Babesia spp. and only one out of 18 (5.56%; 95% CI: 0.99%-25.76%) animals tested positive for Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp. by the 16S rRNA cPCR. Unfortunately, multiple attempts to sequence the 16S rRNA gene of the Ehrlichia/Anaplasma-positive sample have failed. Phylogenetic and network analysis of the hemoplasma 16S and 23S rRNA gene fragments confirmed that animals were infected by a potentially novel haemotropic Mycoplasma sp. previously reported in ringtailed coatis from Brazil. The name 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematonasua' is proposed for this novel organism.

No abstract

Identification of enterobacteria in free- AbstractPopulations of nonhuman primates are often considered to be a link in the chain of emerging infectious diseases, as they are reservoirs for different zoonotic pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae in free-living nonhuman primates. The research was carried out in an urban park located in a city in the northern region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The animals were captured in Tomahawk-type traps and chemically restrained, being oral and rectal samples collected with sterile swabs. For bacterial isolation, the samples were seeded on MacConkey agar plates and grown under anaerobic conditions. The subsequent identification was conducted using a commercial biochemical kit. Sixteen primates identified as black-capuchin-monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) were captured. Seven different enterobacterial species were identified from the oral cavity swabs: six Escherichia coli (42.9%), three Kluyvera species (21.40%), one Serratia rubidaea (7.14%), one Enterobacter aerogenes (7.14%), one Enterobacter cloacae (7.14%), one Hafnia alvei (7.14%), and one Erwinia herbicola (7.14%). Seven different species were identified from the rectal swabs: six Escherichia coli (40%), three Kluyvera species (20%), two Enterobacter aerogenes (13.32%), one Erwinia herbicola (6.67%), one Serratia rubidaea (6.67%), one Pragia fontium (6.67%), and one Edwardsiella tarda (6.67%). The results indicate that the isolated bacteria belong mainly to the human microbiota and had crossed the interspecific barrier, contaminating the nonhuman primates. ResumoAs populações de primatas não humanos frequentemente são consideradas um elo na cadeia de doenças infecciosas emergentes, por constituírem reservatórios que propiciam o surgimento de diferentes patógenos zoonóticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a presença de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae em primatas não humanos de vida livre. O estudo foi realizado em um parque urbano localizado em uma cidade da região norte do Estado do Paraná. Os animais foram capturados em armadilhas do tipo Tomahawk e submetidos a contenção farmacológica para colheita de amostras da microbiota oral e retal com zaragatoas estéreis. Para o isolamento bacteriano as amostras foram semeadas pela técnica de esgotamento em placas contendo ágar MacConkey, com posterior identificação por testes bioquímicos utilizando kit comercial. Foram capturados 16 primatas não humanos identificados como Sapajus nigritus (macaco-prego). Na cavidade oral foi possível identificar sete diferentes espécies de bactérias, sendo seis (42,9%) Escherichia coli, três espécies de Kluyvera (21,40%), uma (7,14%) Serratia rubidae, uma (7,14%) Enterobacter aerogenes, uma (7,14%) Enterobacter cloacae, uma (7,14) Hafnia alvei e uma (7,14%) Erwinia herbicola. No reto foi possível identificar sete diferentes espécies de bactérias, sendo seis (40%) Escherichia coli, três espécies de Kluyvera (20%), duas (13,32%) Enterobacter aerogen...

Brazil currently ranks second in absolute deaths by COVID-19, even though most of its population has completed the vaccination protocol. With the introduction of Omicron in late 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases soared once again in the country. We investigated in this work how lineages BA.1 and BA.2 entered and spread in the country by sequencing 2173 new SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected between October 2021 and April 2022 and analyzing them in addition to more than 18,000 publicly available sequences with phylodynamic methods. We registered that Omicron was present in Brazil as early as 16 November 2021 and by January 2022 was already more than 99% of samples. More importantly, we detected that Omicron has been mostly imported through the state of São Paulo, which in turn dispersed the lineages to other states and regions of Brazil. This knowledge can be used to implement more efficient non-pharmaceutical interventions against the introduction of new SARS-CoV variants focused on surveillance of airports and ground transportation.