ABSTRACT. This work aimed to assess, through experimental comparisons between free and scuba diving performed in Arraial do Cabo city, RJ, Brazil, the abundances of Scartella cristata e Chaetodon striatus -two reef fish species of contrasting behaviors-in different depth layers of sheltered and exposed rocky reefs. C. striatus was homogeneously distributed through all the depth strata (0-10 m) and scuba diving should be preferred over free diving to assess the abundance of this species at exposed rocky shores, undergoing continuous effects of waves and winds. Both free and scuba diving can be used indistinctly and with no data biases to appraise the abundances of C. striatus in non-turbulent reefs or in shallow zones (i.e., ≤5 m) of exposed reefs, and, for S. cristata, in all depth layers (i.e., up to 10 m) of both sheltered and exposed reefs. Although the abundances of S. cristata did not significantly differ between free and scuba diving, contrasting with most previous studies that stressed the risk of the first method to underestimate the abundance of small and cryptic species, it should be considered that the previous experience of the diver and the nature of our study (i.e., focused specifically on a cryptic species) may have contributed to our findings. Further studies are, however, necessary to test our findings in different conditions (i.e., depths, hydrodynamic characteristics, and habitat complexity) and for other tropical reef fish species, in order to increase the truthfulness of underwater visual census and reduce the risk of failure of fish conservation and management programs potentially based on biased data. Keywords: reef fish, visual census, free diving, scuba diving, Brazil.Análisis comparativo entre buceo libre y autónomo para especies de peces bentopelágicas y crípticas asociadas a arrecifes rocosos RESUMEN. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar, a través de comparaciones experimentales entre apnea y buceo realizados en Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brasil, la abundancia de Scartella cristata y Chaetodon striatus -dos especies de comportamiento contrastante-en diferentes estratos de profundidad de arrecifes rocosos protegidos y expuestos. C. striatus se distribuye homogéneamente en todos los estratos de profundidad (0-10 m), siendo el buceo autónomo el más indicado por sobre el buceo libre para evaluar la abundancia de estas especies en costas rocosas expuestas, sujetas a continuos efectos de las olas y del viento. El buceo libre y autónomo se pueden utilizar indistintamente y sin sesgos en los datos, para evaluar la abundancia de C. striatus en arrecifes no turbulentos o en zonas de poca profundidad (i.e., ≤5 m) de los arrecifes expuestos y, para S. cristata, en todos los niveles de profundidad (i.e., hasta 10 m) de ambos arrecifes, protegidos y expuestos. Aunque la abundancia de S. cristata no fue significativamente diferente entre la apnea y scuba, en contraste con la mayoría de los estudios anteriores que enfatizaban el riesgo del primer método en subestimar la abundancia de especies pequeñas y...
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