Serverless computing has emerged as a new compelling paradigm for the deployment of applications and services. It represents an evolution of cloud programming models, abstractions, and platforms, and is a testament to the maturity and wide adoption of cloud technologies. In this chapter, we survey existing serverless platforms from industry, academia, and open source projects, identify key characteristics and use cases, and describe technical challenges and open problems.

This paper introduces the concept of programming with sketches, an approach for the rapid development of high-performance applications. This approach allows a programmer to write clean and portable reference code, and then obtain a high-quality implementation by simply sketching the outlines of the desired implementation. Subsequently, a compiler automatically fills in the missing details while also ensuring that a completed sketch is faithful to the input reference code. In this paper, we develop StreamBit as a sketching methodology for the important class of bit-streaming programs (e.g., coding and cryptography).A sketch is a partial specification of the implementation, and as such, it affords several benefits to programmer in terms of productivity and code robustness. First, a sketch is easier to write compared to a complete implementation. Second, sketching allows the programmer to focus on exploiting algorithmic properties rather than on orchestrating low-level details. Third, a sketch-aware compiler rejects "buggy" sketches, thus improving reliability while allowing the programmer to quickly evaluate sophisticated implementation ideas.We evaluated the productivity and performance benefits of our programming methodology in a user-study, where a group of novice StreamBit programmers competed with a group of experienced C programmers on implementing a cipher. We learned that, given the same time budget, the ciphers developed in StreamBit ran 2.5× faster than ciphers coded in C. We also produced implementations of DES and Serpent that were competitive with hand optimized implementations available in the public domain.

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