This paper provides a conceptual analysis of forcing and generic extensions. Our goal is to give general axioms for the concept of standard forcing-generic extension and to show that the usual (poset) constructions are unified and explained as realizations of this concept. According to our approach, the basic idea behind forcing and generic extensions is that the latter are uniform adjunctions which are groundcontrolled by forcing, and forcing is nothing more than that ground-control. As a result of our axiomatization of this idea, the usual definitions of forcing and genericity are derived.Résumé. Cet article présente une analyse conceptuelle du forcing et des extensions génériques. Notre objectif est de donner des axiomes généraux pour le concept d'extension forcing-générique standard, et de montrer que les constructions habituelles sont unifiées et expliquées comme étant des réalisations de ce concept. Selon notre approche, l'idée-clé sous-tendant le forcing et les extensions génériques est que ces dernières sont des adjonctions uniformes qui sont contrôlées par le forcing, ainsi le forcing n'est rien de plus que ce contrôle. Comme conséquence de notre axiomatisation de cette idée, on dérive les définitions habituelles du forcing et de la généricité.Funding. This research was partially supported by fapesp, proccess 2016/25891-3.
Recentemente, uma grande variedade de projetos, comunidades e negócios têm adotado o conceito de Open Design (OD). Seus benefícios são associados à democratização dos processos de projeto, maior capacidade de inovação, customização e também à possibilidade de se tornar uma alternativa aos modelos de negócios tradicionais. Três exemplos, ligados à arquitetura e desenho urbano, foram selecionados para explorar sua aplicabilidade. Quatro princípios foram considerados: transparência, acessibilidade, replicabilidade e modularidade. Nossos resultados mostram que a democratização, considerada um componente chave do OD, ainda é dependente de tecnologias nem sempre disponíveis para comunidades em países em desenvolvimento
Open collaborative development and transparent design processes are often associated to the concept of open design (OD). Studies in remote collaborative processes are still recent and a wide number of aspects of OD remain unclear. This study explores an OD project by mining data in collaboration platforms. As our research object, we selected the Open Agriculture Initiative. Data was mined from its online forum, and Github, a development platform. Social network analysis (SNA) and topic modeling techniques were used to explore four research questions. We comment on these questions highlighting differences between both platforms, stakeholder participation and personal interests, community changes over time, activity volume and latent topics. Finally, we conclude by indicating possible pathways to investigate OD as an emergent phenomenon by using data mining techniques.
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