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:The foramen Magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. I. IntroducionThe foramen Magnum(FM) (Latin: 'great hole') is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. Its transverse diameter is rather less than one third of the distance between the mastoid processes. The anterior border of the foramen magnum is formed by basilar process of the occipital bone, the lateral border by the left and right ex-occipitalis and posterior border is formed by the supraoccipital part of the occipital bone [1].The dimensions of the FM have clinical importance because the vital structures that pass through it may suffer compression such as in cases of FM achondroplasia [2] and FM brain herniation [3,4]. In neurosurgical practice, the transcondylar approach is commonly used to access the lesions which are ventral to the brainstem and cervicomedullary junction. It was reported that understanding the bony anatomy of the condylar region is important for this approach [5]. The knowledge of foramen magnum diameters is needed to determine some malformations such as Arnold Chiari syndrome, which shows expansion of transverse diameter [6]. In a computerized tomographic study of Catalina & Herrera ,dimensions of the foramen magnum of 63 achondroplastic individuals were compared to standards established for nonachondroplastic individuals. The size of the foramen magnum in patients with achondroplasia was small at all ages, particularly in those with serious neurological problems [7].Furthermore, Wanebo et al. [8] stated that longer FM antero-posterior dimensions permitted greater contralateral surgical exposure for condylar resection.The diameters and area of the foramen magnum are greater in males than in females, hence its dimensions can be used to determine sex in the medicolegal conditions, especially in the following circumstances, such as explosions, aircraft accidents and war fare injuries [6,9].So it is obvious that, FM evaluations are very important in not only to establish the most proper operational techniques, but also to obtain useful data for unknown sex estimation and determination and identity in forensic medicine. Present study was embarked on to examine the dimensions of foramen magnum. II. Material and method:100 dry human skulls were taken for observation from department of anatomy Government Medical College Surat. All skulls were adult type. The skulls that have been eroded and deformed were excluded. They were used for tutorial teaching for medical students. With the help of simple vernier caliper antero-posterior and transverse diameter of foramen magnum were measured. The length of the foramen magnum was measured from the anterior border (basion) through the centre of the foramen magnum until the end of the posterior border (opistio), The transverse diameter was measured from the point of maximum concavity on right and left margins( fig.1).

The jugular foramen is the main route of venous outflow from the skull and is characterised

Introduction: The nerve to mylohyoid is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve which arises just above the mandibular foramen. There is occasionally communicating branch between nerve to mylohyoid and lingual nerve. Knowledge of such variations has significance during oral and submandibular surgery. Aim: To detect and describe the existence and occurrence of anatomical variations in the innervation pattern of the nerve to mylohyoid by using the dissection technique. Materials and Methods: An observational study was carried out from January 2022 to April 2022 in a total of 15 embalmed and formalin-fixed cadavers in the Laboratory of Anatomy of SMBT Medical College, Nashik, Maharashtra. The nerve to the mylohyoid and lingual nerve were cleared and observed for any unusual communication between the two, if any. Results: In 13 (86.67%) cadavers, classical (normal) anatomical presentation of the nerve to mylohyoid was observed, whereas, in two male (13.33%) cadavers, the presence of communicating branch between the nerve to mylohyoid and lingual nerve was observed. In both the cadavers, the communicating branch was unilateral, in one cadaver on the right-side, and in the second cadaver same variation was noted on the left-side. Conclusion: The existence of communication between the nerve to mylohyoid and the lingual nerve is thought to be responsible for inadequate mandibular anesthesia. Through this study, surgeons will be aware of this variance, to explain unexpected findings in nerve injury following oral procedures.

Introduction: The biceps brachii muscle takes its name from its two proximally attached ‘heads’. On rare occasions, an anomalous third head arises from the superomedial part of the brachialis and is attached to the bicipital aponeurosis and the medial side of the tendon of insertion. The slip frequently descends in front of and behind the brachial artery and often causes compression of the median nerve or brachial artery. Aim: To calculate incidence of the supernumerary third head of the biceps brachii along with its anatomical and morphological variations to establish its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: The observational study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Dr. Kiran C Patel Medical College and Research Institute, Bharuch, Gujarat, India, from October 2021 to September 2022. It included 32 cadaveric upper limbs- 16 right-sided and 16 left-sided. The morphometric measurements were done with the use of digital vernier caliper. The findings were photographed and recorded. The mean and standard deviation deviation were hereby presented and analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0. Results: The biceps brachii was constituted of supernumerary third head in three (9.375%) limbs, one on the right and two on the left-side. In all cases, third head arose from the anteromedial aspect of the mid-humeral shaft; medial to the brachialis and inserted together with the other two heads of the biceps into bicipital aponeurosis and radial tuberosity. The mean length and mean width of the supernumerary head was measured as 141.16±43.63 mm, 25.22±4.99 mm, respectively. A significant difference was not found when compared for symmetrical sides. Conclusion: Three specimens of upper limb were observed with distinct occurrence for the third head with the incidence of 9.37% and predominance on the left-side. In case of various arm surgical procedures knowledge can be used to avoid injuries.