This master's thesis project, involving three months of ethnographic fieldwork using decolonial Filipino methodology and methods, is an exploration of armed conflict induced displacement in Zamboanga City (Mindanao, Philippines). The stories shared by eleven research participants from four barangays, interrogate the dominant representations of internally displaced persons (IDPs) as voiceless victims in need of rescue and reliant on humanitarian assistance. Using bahala na or agency specific to the Filipino cultural context, IDP women and gender diverse individuals challenged the conventional understandings of agency to recognize decision-making beyond individual choices. The findings highlight that the enactment of agency by Filipino IDPs in southern Philippines is shaped by class and ethno-religious-linguistic identities, revealing the inherently unequal and unruly patterns of mobility. These factors also shape their access to humanitarian emergency responses. In contrast to Catholic IDPs who had no concerns over their daily needs for survival, poor Muslim IDPs experienced food insecurity, malnutrition, and communicable diseases. Poor Muslim IDPs exercised bahala na, a form of situated agency, by avoiding asking for better humanitarian assistance, which risks them being portrayed as complaining and ungrateful. This demonstrates their awareness of how humanitarian systems function and managing their vulnerabilities in different ways. Moreover, they nuanced the architecture of IDP camp sites as more than just a space of confinement by practicing hope and imagining future possibilities.
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