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We demonstrated that RANK, RANKL and OPG are directly expressed by prostate cancer cells at the primary tumour site and showed a clear correlation with Gleason Score, serum PSA level and advanced disease. In BPH, mRNA expression is also detectable, but RANK expression does not exceed as much as compared to tumour tissue.

Our study demonstrates protein profiles of testicular germ cell cancer patients that differ in a highly significant degree from normal controls. Validation of these findings may enable proteomic profiling to become a valuable tool, especially for aftercare.