El Seguro obligatorio de enfermedades, invalidez y accidentes del trabajo, a través de su instrumento operativo, la Caja del Seguro Obrero, fue una institución chilena destinada a resguardar los intereses de los trabajadores en el ámbito de la previsión, que funcionó entre 1924 y 1952. En el transcurso del tiempo, la diversificación en el alcance de sus prestaciones y la superposición del proyecto político del gobierno de Pedro Aguirre Cerda, posibilitaron la vinculación de la medicina social con la vivienda obrera, para un resguardo de los trabajadores en tanto motor del cambio social. El artículo propone una lectura de la arquitectura desarrollada por la institución referida, considerando un enfoque biopolítico, con objeto de contribuir a la diversificación de marcos conceptuales de la arquitectura del periodo. La metodología comprende la interpretación del ordenamiento y programa de los conjuntos, bajo las ideas de control y aseguramiento de las actividades de los trabajadores y sus familias, aplicada a la arquitectura de dos casos de estudios, los edificios colectivos de Arica e Iquique construidos ambos por la Caja del Seguro Obrero en la década del 40.
Luciano Kulczewski was a professional who played a key and distinctive role in the first half of the 20th century, a period considered as crucial for the development of Chilean architecture, since it is the moment that brought the advent of modernity to the country. One of the most eloquent illustrations in this regard is the corpus, that collects more than a dozen housing complexes aimed for the middle and the working classes. Today, we recognize in these solutions not just the fact that they are in sync with the web of social, political, cultural, and economic processes that characterized the beginnings of the past century in Chile, but that they also have, among their most notable merits, having been conceived in terms of what we would understand today by “inclusion”. This article seeks to investigate these parameters, which range from urban proposals - that approached the city in "inclusive" terms - inasmuch as they did not push for these housing proposals to be in the metropolitan peripheries - to more particular issues, such as the stylistic management of homes as a tool to serve identity causes, in order to achieve the integration of the user with their environment.
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