The hydrogeological investigation is a work carried out by comprehensive utilization of various exploration methods to identify hydrogeological conditions in the target area, and develop and utilize groundwater resources. There are great differences in hydrogeological conditions in different regions. Hence, it is necessary to take exploration technology according to local conditions to master hydrogeological information as much as possible. Among them, the remote sensing (RS) technology can reflect the ground surveying and mapping results with high efficiency and precision through the analysis of satellite or aerial photographs, which is a commonly used method in the current hydrogeological investigation. According to satellite RS data, this work evaluates the distribution of groundwater levels in the study area and explores the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the groundwater system in the affected area. Firstly, the human-computer interactive interpretation method is used to analyze the topography and geomorphology conditions. Secondly, the spectral characteristic curve analysis method is used to extract the spectral characteristics of regional stratum lithology, and analyze and determine the lithology composition and structure of the aquifer. Thirdly, the single-band and multiband models of soil moisture RS estimation of groundwater level are implemented. Finally, the measured data are employed to verify and analyze the estimated value of the model. The results are in line with the actual value, and good results have been achieved.