Tourism receipt through visitors' spending is one of the contributors that stimulate the local economy. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the factors influencing these spending preferences. This study determines factors and average spending on accommodations using segmentation techniques for Perhentian Island's visitors. Determinant factors include demographic, trip-related, and psychographic characteristics. Data were collected through a survey and run for 929 visitors using two-step Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) analysis. The analysis produces a three-level regression tree and later a classification tree. The findings documented that, level 1 consisted of four segments and were segmented according to the country of origin (COO). Overall, the Italian is a segment that has the highest average spending. The fourth segment of level 1, namely Malaysia, branched out further to level 2 and level 3. These levels were segmented based on the number of dependents during the trip and length of stay, respectively. For domestic visitors, Malaysian with dependents on the trip spend the highest. Based on the results, recommendations for the Perhentian Islands accommodation operator were to provide infrastructure to accommodate families for domestic market and marketing strategy that target Italians for the international market. The results could also assist local authorities outlining tourism planning.

The study is undertaken to account and measure externalities that have crossed beyond its environmental limit due totourism activities. These measurements later integrated into thetourism revenue estimates.Hence, the study’s objectives include estimating tourism revenue, quantifyingand monetizing environmental degradations and presenting the Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Revenue (ESTR) statement.Visitors spending served as proxies to tourism revenue estimates. Data were collected from 923 tourists of Perhentian Island and analysed using two-steps decision tree analysis through Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) procedure in SPSS 22.0 software. The costs of the environment were measured loosely based on the concept of ecological footprint, tourism carrying capacity, and economic valuation techniques.The findings suggest that the cost of the environment which comprised of overshoot of environmental resources, overcapacity of environmental services and overuse of environmental asset were RM5,446,563.00, RM506,576.00 and RM1,612,160.94 – RM3,626,722, respectively.Perhentian Islands’ total cost of degradation was recorded at RM9,579,861.00 (upper limit) with net tourism revenue of RM124,724,324.00. The implication of the study suggests that Perhentian Islands tourism externalities has exceeded between5.5% to 7.1% of its environmental limit and therefore, tourism activities on the islands incline towards unsustainability. Several steps need to be taken to rectifythe environmental issues identified in the study to ensure the sustainability of the islands.

Numerous studies have foundthatfinancial literacy may assist in averting irresponsible spending that linked to materialistic values. However, the area of knowledge that delivers financial literacy varies among studies. The study determines whether credit hours of financial courses,namely, economics, finance and accounting, affect materialism. Consequently, three moderator variables namely gender, year of study and financial sponsorship, were added into the analysis. A survey was conducted on 1022 business undergraduates in Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris using money attitude scales as a proxy to measure materialism. Findings indicate that there werenodirectcorrelations between credithoursof financial courses cumulatively or individually, with materialism scores. However, when the year of studyvariable,specifically fourth-year students category, wasinserted as a moderating effect, all three financial courses credit hours were found to be negatively correlatedwith materialism score. The findings demonstrate that accounting courses credit hours affect all materialism dimensions. Meanwhile, three and two materialism dimensions negatively correlated with economic and finance courses, respectively. It indicates that final year students materialistic values lessen as particular financial courses credit hours increased. The findings may provide input to financial literacy modules to mitigateyoung-executive debt crises.