Five shipping containers were tested to compare the costs of using each and to find out how well they protected Golden Delicious apples from bruising. These five shipping containers were (1) cell-packs with corrugated partitions; (2) cell-packs with chipboard partitions; (3) tray-packs with deep-cup molded-pulpboard trays; (4) tray-packs with shallow-cup molded-polystyrene-foam trays; and (5) tray-packs with shallow-cup molded-pulpboard trays. Costs and charges for packing materials, direct labor for packing and handling, storage, and transport were higher for the cell-packs. These costs were $2.39 per box for corrugated cell-packs, S2.29 per box for chipboard cell-packs, $2.09 per box for deep-cup molded-pulpboard tray-packs, $2.04 per box for shallow-cup molded plastic tray-packs, and $2.04 per box for the shallow-cup molded-pulpboard tray-packs. More of the apples were bruised in shallow-cup pulpboard tray-pack boxes-27 percentthan in deep-cup pulpboard tray-pack boxes, shallow-cup plastic tray-pack boxes, corrugated cell-pack boxes, and chipboard cell-pack boxes-18, 19, 19, and 22 percent, respectively. More of the shallow-cup plastic trays were damaged than either the deep-cup or shallow-cup pulpboard trays on arrival in eastern markets. The plastic trays broke and tore under the pressures of shipments. Deep-cup pulpboard trays were easier to remove from the box and handle than shallow-cup pulpboard trays. Damage to the corrugated cell partitions was less than damage to the chipboard partitions. Wholesale receivers usually preferred the "row-face" appeal of the cell-packs, but retailers usually preferred tray-packs for handling and display. Some retailers preferred deep-cup pulpboard tray-pack boxes because these trays protected the apples well and could be used for display. Of the five shipping containers tested, deep-cup pulpboard tray-pack boxes offer the best combination of cost and performance for packing and transporting Washington State Golden Delicious apples. Since this study was begun in 1964, tray-packs have been increasingly used for packing and shipping Washington State Golden Delicious apples. On an annual basis, these apples cost about $500,000 less to pack and ship in 1969 than in 1964 because of the shift from cell-packs to tray-packs. It is estimated that if all of the apples now packed in cell-pack boxes were packed and shipped in deep-cup pulpboard tray-pack boxes, an additional $380,000 could be saved annually.

T HIS paper presents a mash-grain substitution function and a feedturkey production function that can be used in estimating optimum economic conditions for feeding and marketing turkeys. Included is a graphie method for presenting a marginal analysis in which price ratios are used as indicators for optimum feed substitution and production conditions.During the 1956 production season, turkey producers in North Dakota submitted semi-monthly reports on their costs, returns and practices in producing 46 flocks of turkeys. Marketing weights and feed consumption irfformation from these reports, together with turkey growth functions derived from secondary data, were used in developing the feed substitution and production functions presented in this paper. 1 Three logarithmic, or Cobb-Douglas, substitution functions were derived for the grain feeding pe¡ for turkeys from 60 to 180 days of age, and two quadratic production functions were derived for finishing hens and toms. 2 The CobbDouglas function for the 100-139 day grain feeding period and the quadratic function for finishing toms have been selected to illustrate the graphic method used in presenting the marginal analysis.The graphs were constructed in the following manner: 1. Production data relevant to the marginal analysis were fitted by regression to the selected types of curvilinear functions. 2. Solutions to the fitted functions 1The secondary data are that of the Poultry Division, Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Ontario, as taken from Marsden and Martin, Turkey Management. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois, sixth edition, 1955, pp. 821-23. ~A more comprelaensive description of the turkey study and the statistical methods used are contained in the foUowing unpublished M. S. thesis: Hovey, Roy M.,

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