Mini ReviewDyeing process in textile industry is one of the major breakthroughs in the evolution of fashion. On the other hand, it is well-known fact that fast fashion today degrades the environment. The textile industry produces and uses approximately 1.3 million tons of dyes, pigments and dye precursors, valued at around $23 billion, almost all of which is manufactured synthetically [1]. Textile clothing ends up in landfills and chemical dyes leach into the water bodies. Some of the chemicals found in synthetic dyes are mercury, lead, chromium, copper, sodium chloride, toluene, and benzene. Exposure to large doses of these substances can be toxic and can have severe effects in the human body. Nature has given us all necessary molecules for sustainable development, especially in form of secondary metabolites from plant kingdom. Natural pigments, one of the secondary metabolites, are alternative for chemical dyes. Natural dyes are environment friendly and have many advantages over synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are suitable for skin and are biodegradable. Anthocyanin is one of the pigments that can be used as a natural dye [2]. Anthocyanin pigment can very well used as dye material giving primarily different shades of blue purple to red. The largescale production of textile dyed with anthocyanin is a new concept for the textile industry. The word 'anthocyanin' is derived from the Greek language. ' Anthos' translates into flower and 'kianos' means blue. Anthocyanins belong to a group flavonoid synthesized via phenylpropanoid pathway. They are the largest group of watersoluble natural pigments. They are present in flower, fruit, stem, leaves and root of plants. They soluble in water and generally occur in the aqueous cell sap. They are found in fruits and vegetables such as red cabbage, strawberries, grape skin, blueberries and raspberries [3]. Anthocyanin extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers yield shades with good fastness properties [4]. Anthocyanin is soluble in aqueous solutions. It becomes brighter in lower pH range and becomes blue at higher pH levels. Colour of anthocyanin varies with pH which shows its adaptability to nature with varied environmental conditions [5].

Background: Dinoxin B Withanolide was isolated from Datura inoxia and identified with its cytotoxic activity. But its antibacterial properties are not yet evaluated. We have previously reported the broad-spectrum antibacterial property of Dinoxin B Withanolide extracted from D.inoxia on standard strains. Objective: This research has focused to evaluate the efficacy of Dinoxin B Withanolide against infectious Staphylococcus aureus, including resistant strains. Methods: Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry is used to depict the presence of Dinoxin B withanolide from the chromatographic ethanolic leaf fraction. Antibacterial activity of different concentrations of Dinoxin B(12500-100000 μg/ml) was assessed using the agar diffusion, macro broth dilution, and time-kill assay methods. Docking studies and Drug likeness properties were analyzed. Result: Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry depicted the presence of Dinoxin B. All the isolates were susceptible to Dinoxin B within the range of 15±0.5mm to 24±0.5mm, and the bacteria were susceptible at a concentration rate of ≤12.5mg/ml. Time-kill assay showed that 25mg/ml of Dinoxin B displayed the highest inhibitory activity after four hours. The MBC values were compatible with the cidal concentration as seen in the time-kill study's growth curve. Computer-aided techniques resulted in a good Docking score towards Quorum-signaling Sar A protein (-7.82)and Penicillin Binding Protein(-6.9). Conclusion: Dinoxin B with its bactericidal properties and significant affinity towards Quorum-signaling Sar A protein and Penicillin Binding Protein can be considered as an effective bioactive compound against Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus.

Aims: This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Datura innoxia through the chemoinformatic and antibacterial evaluation of withanolides extracted from it. Study Design: The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and drug-likeness of the withanolides—withametelinol A, withametelinol B, witharifeen, withametelin, dinoxin B, and daturalicin—of D. innoxia were analyzed using the SwissADME program. Schrodinger software was used to target and evaluate their antibacterial potentialities through docking studies. The penicillin-binding protein, DNA gyrase, efflux pump protein, and quorum sensing regulators of S. aureus and E. coli were selected as target proteins for assessing protein–ligand interactions. All observations were comparatively analyzed with the properties of withanolide A and withaferin A, the best-known withanolides. Most active dinoxin B withanolide (12500–100000 μg/ml) extracted from leaves of Datura innoxia; was subjected to antibacterial assay against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant(MDR) E. coli isolated from the urine samples of urinary tract infected patients. Results: In-silico studies revealed the therapeutical properties of various withanolides present in D. innoxia. In particular, the drug-likeness and antibacterial properties of withametelin and dinoxin B were significantly and remarkably high due to their binding affinity toward cell membrane proteins. Docking studies have shown that the efflux pump protein of E. coli and penicillin-binding proteins of S. aureus to be the ligand -interaction targets. A significant antibacterial assay revealed that the MRSA isolates were susceptible to dinoxin B, with a zone of inhibition of 21±0.5 mm to 24±0.5 mm, and the bacteria were susceptible at a concentration rate of ≤ 12.5 mg/ml. Conclusion: It is crucial to bring awareness of the therapeutical importance of D. innoxia and to preserve this vital plant from being largely destroyed. As computational studies promote the effective selection of drug molecules, this research also helps to select the best compound for further clinical analysis.

To investigate the phytochemicals present in the leaves of Datura innoxia and to assess its antioxidant and antibacterial properties in different organic solvents, leaf extracts were exposed to different standardized techniques. Folin–Ciocalteu method and Aluminium chloride method proved that the ethanolic extract has maximum phenolic content (72.35± 0.52 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (29.21± 1.25 mg EQ/g) respectively. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 91.398 µg/ml also was in the ethanolic extract as compared to methanol, hexane and chloroform extracts. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant property of extracts were observed in the sequence of ethanol>methanol>hexane>chloroform. There was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity with total phenolic (DPPH, R2 = 0.41; PPM, R2 = 0.25) and total flavonoid contents (DPPH, R2 = 0.39; PPM, R2=0.23). Ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed antibacterial potential against the tested pathogenic strains; Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a zone of inhibition ranging between 16± 0.9 to 27.5±0.8 mm. This study has proved that ethanolic leaf extract of D. innoxia showed bacterial inhibition and antioxidant activities and this herb can be assessed as a potential therapeutic species.