The anatomical characteristics of the stem of belangke bamboo (Gigantochloa pruriens), which is native in North Sumatra, Indonesia, were examined to attain valuable information for identification and effective utilization. The number and type of vessel bundles and the fiber and metaxylem dimensions in the longitudinal (bottom, middle, and top) and radial (outer, central, and inner) directions of the bamboo culm were investigated by optical microscopy. The vascular bundles were distributed unevenly and arranged alternately, as shown by cross-sectional images of the culms. The proportion of vascular bundles in the culm decreased from the outer layer to the inner layer and tended to increase from the bottom to the top. Most vascular bundles were classified as type IV at the bottom and as type III in the middle and top parts. Fiber length and cell wall thickness tended to increase from the bottom to the top and from the inner layer to the outer layer. Metaxylem length and diameter increased from the outer layer to the inner layer and from the bottom towards the top of the stem. It was revealed that the anatomical characteristics of the belangke bamboo varied significantly in the vertical and radial directions.

The suitability of bamboo’s basic characteristics is very important for more specific purposes, such as composite raw materials. Anatomical, physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics are some of bamboo’s fundamental characteristics. This study analyses the basic properties, such as physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of bamboo from the Forest Area with Special Purpose (FASP) Pondok Buluh Sumatera Island, Indonesia (I); analyses the relationship between the properties of each type of bamboo (II); and chooses the type of bamboo with the best properties that have the potential to be applied to composite materials, such as laminated bamboo (III). This study used materials consisting of six species of bamboo from the FASP Pondok Buluh. The manufacture of physical and mechanical test samples refers to the ISO 22157 standard, 2004, while the chemical properties test refers to the TAPPI 1999 standard. The chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of bamboo vary widely among species. The lowest holocellulose and α-cellulose content were found in the Kuning Bamboo (B. vulgaris var. vittata). The content of holocellulose and α-cellulose causes the lowest density in Kuning Bamboo (B. vulgaris var. vittata). The Dasar Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) has the highest levels of lignin. The substances have an impact on moisture content, T/R ratio, and shear strength. The Dasar Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) has the lowest moisture content, the highest T/R ratio, and the highest shear strength. However, Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) has the highest density in this study. The compressive strength of the Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) has the highest value. Therefore, Betung bamboo and Dasar Bamboo in this study were potentially utilized for composite materials, such as laminated bamboo.

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Background & Aims: Most of the women with cardiovascular diseases suffer from worsening of their clinical condition during pregnancy. It is caused by cardiovascular physiological changes during pregnancy and increased demand of oxygen-metabolic system. Spinal anesthesia is the most commonly used technique in cesarean section (CS) patients, but there are concerns about sudden hemodynamic decrease. We aimed to investigate the use of low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine 5 mg combined with 50 μg fentanyl for caesarean section in patient with heart disease.Methodology: This study is a retrospective study in 33 patients with maternal heart disease undergoing CS under low dose spinal anesthesia in Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang Indonesia from September 2017 until September 2018. The spinal regimen was administered with 5 mg bupivacaine heavy 0.5% combined with 50 μg fentanyl. We evaluated the hemodynamic preoperative, post injection of spinal anesthetics, postdelivery, and at the end of surgery. We also evaluated Bromage score, Apgar score of the baby, and satisfaction level by the obstetrician.Results: Combination of low dose spinal and opioid for the CS delivery show no significant hypotension effects. Hemodynamic stabilization was achieved. Furthermore, target blocked was reached well in all cases, no significant changes in Apgar score of the baby, and obstetrician satisfied with motor relaxation.Conclusion: Low dose spinal anesthesia using 5 mg of bupivacaine heavy 0.5% and adjuvant opioid fentanyl 50 μg can be successfully used for the performance of CS delivery satisfactory block, good fetal outcome, and impressive cardiovascular stability.Citation: Husodo DP, Isngadi I, Hartono R, Prasedya ES. Low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine 5 mg combined with 50 mcg fentanyl for cesarean section in maternal heart disease. Anaesth pain & intensive care 2019;23(3):274-278

This research was aimed to evaluate in vitro dry matter (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and N-NH 3 production of Durian peel fermentedwith white rod fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus). This research consisted of two stages.First was fermentation process of Durian peel fermentedwith white rod fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) in 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks. Second wasin vitro analysis.There were5 treatments and4 repeatations using completely randomized design.The treatments wereP0 = Durian peel without fermentation, P1 =Durian peel with 2 weeks of fermentation,P2 = Durian peel with 4 weeks of fermentation, P3 = Durian peel with 6 weeks of fermentation, P4 = Durian peel with 8 weeks of fermentation. Variablesmeasured were dry matter and organic matter digestibilities, and N-NH 3 production in vitro.Results of analysis of variances (ANOVA) showed that Durian peel fermentedwith white rod fungi Pleurotus ostreatusin different incubation time was significantly different (P<0.01) on IVOMD, but was not significantly different (P>0.05) on IVDMD,was not significantly different(P>0.05) either on N-NH 3 production. Results of this research concluded that Durian peel fermentedwith white rod fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) (Pleurotus ostreatus) was able to increase organic matter digestibilityaround 39.07 % -52.43 %.