Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasing rapidly to epidemic proportions. Development of AKI, especially in intensive care settings, is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and hospitalization costs. Currently available diagnostic tools are mostly insensitive for early diagnosis, however prompt diagnosis and risk stratification are necessary for guiding therapy and preventing progression of disease. Finding an early, reliable, suitable, easily reproducible, economical and accurate biomarker for AKI is a top research priority. In recent years, many urinary and serum proteins have been investigated as possible early markers of AKI and some of them have shown great promise. This topic reviews some of the emerging biomarkers of AKI.

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Oxymetazoline and dexpanthenol combination has a better efficacy, shorter recovery time, causes lesser rebound congestion and has better tolerability than xylometazoline.

Background:The incidence and mortality rate of men with prostate cancer have been increasing in Asia.ELIGARD ® is a formulation of leuprorelin acetate whose safety and efficacy have been well-established in Western regions. However, limited safety data are available for Asian populations.Methods: ELIGANT (ELIGard AsiaN sTudy) was a Phase 4, multicenter, prospective, single-arm, interventional study. Men with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer without concomitant chemotherapy, or another androgen receptor pathway inhibitor, were enrolled across Asia to receive ELIGARD ® (22.5 mg subcutaneous depot injection) every 3 months for 15 months, with a follow-up visit at 18 months. The primary objective was to establish the safety of ELIGARD ® in Asian men with hormonedependent prostate cancer. The secondary objectives were to assess efficacy, via prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression and testosterone levels, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Results: In total, 106 patients were included in the safety analysis set (SAF). The most common treatmentemergent adverse events (TEAEs) included PSA increase, cough, back pain, hot flush, anemia, and upper respiratory tract infection. TEAEs considered related to ELIGARD ® were reported in 13.2% of patients (n=14), two of which were serious. In the full analysis set (FAS) (n=105), 81.2% (n=56) and 68.5% (n=61) of patients achieved a PSA reduction of ≥90% from baseline at 12 and 18 months, respectively. At 18 months, the numbers of patients with testosterone levels <20, 20-50, and >50 ng/dL were 65 (61.9%), 17 (16.2%), and two (1.9%), respectively; 20% had missing testosterone measurements. HRQoL remained stable throughout the study with minimal change from baseline at study completion. Conclusions:In conclusion, the safety profile of ELIGARD ® (22.5 mg) in Asian men with hormonedependent prostate cancer is comparable to previous studies in Western regions.

Acute kidney injury is a clinical syndrome which is generally defined as an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate causing accumulation of nitrogenous products and rapid development of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders. It is an important clinical problem increasing mortality in patient with several co-morbid conditions. The frequency of acute kidney injury occurrence varies from 5% on the inpatients wards to 30-50% in patients from intensive care units. Serial measurement of creatinine and urine volume do not make it possible to diagnose acute kidney injury at early stages. Serum creatinine may be influenced by age, weight, hydration status and become apparent only when the kidneys have lost 50% of their function. For that reasons we need new markers. Here, we are reviewing the most promising new acute kidney injury markers, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, cystatin-C, kidney injury molecule-1, liver fatty acid binding proteins and IL-18. Key Words: Acute kidney injury, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, cystatin-c, kidney injury molecule-1, liver fatty acid binding proteins ÖZET Akut böbrek hasarı glomerüler filtrasyon hızında, hızlı azalma ile beraber üre ve kreatinin gibi nitrojen artık ürünlerinin birikimi, sıvı ve elektrolit, asit ve baz dengesinin bozulması ile kendini gösteren klinik bir sendromdur. Özelikle birkaç komorbid hastalığı olan kişilerde sık görülen ve mortaliteyi artıran önemli bir klinik problemdir. Hastanede yatan hastaların %5'inde, yoğun bakım hastalarının ise %30-50'sinde görülebilmektedir. Halen kullandığımız seri kreatinin ölçümü ve idrar miktarı böbrek hasarının erken tanınmasına olanak vermemektedir. Serum kreatinin düzeyi yaşa, kiloya, hastanın hidrasyon durumuna göre değişkenlik göstermekte ve böbrek hasarı %50 gibi yüksek bir orana ulaşmadıkça artmayabilmektedir. Bu nedenle yeni belirteçlere ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu derlemede, üzerinde en fazla çalışılan belirteçler, nötrofil jelatinaz ilişkili lipokalin, sistain-C, kidney injury