No abstract

Cytarabine (Ara-C) is widely used as an effective chemotherapeutic agent, essentially in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Albino male mice (Mus musculus) are used in this study to determine in vivo toxicity of the drug on spermatogenesis and sperm abnormality. Mice are divided into two groups; the experimental group received a dose of 0.33 mg/kg/day Ara-C for seven days, while the control group received normal saline for 7 days. Results indicated a significant increase in head abnormalities percentage (p≤ 0.05) in comparison to control group. Testosterone hormone concentration was significantly decreased (1.14 ± 0.12) ng/ml in treatment group in comparison with control group (2.41± 0.22) ng/ml. Histopathological changes revealed detectable spermatogenesis degeneration. Treatment caused spermatocytes disruption, presence of necrotic cells and appearance of spermiophages with slought cells in several seminiferous tubules. Leydig cells morphology are mostly intact; however, interstitial area appeared hypercellular. It is concluded that Ara-c exposure highly destructive to seminiferous tubule epithelium, which may lead in depressed mice fertility.

This study focused the line on the effect of aqueous extract of Rosemary officinalis, as well as, effect of toxic compound CCL4, on micronucleus formation and mitotic index assay in albino male mice. This work started at September 2017 at Biotechnology Research center \Al-Nahrain University, by using 20 albino male mice. The result indicated that aqueous extract of rosemary caused significant increased in mitotic index and decrease micronucleus formation for two doses tested 50,100 mg/kg in comparison with negative and positive controls, also the results revealed that CCL4 showed significant mutagenic action on biological system of treated mice by increased frequency of micronucleus formation and decreased the percentage of mitotic index in bone marrow cells. Pre-and post –treatment between aqueous extract and CCL4 were also made. The results of pre and post treatment with rosemary extract were also caused a significant decreased in micronucleus formation and increase the percentage of mitotic index for two doses 50,100 mg/kg  in comparison with its corresponding controls which caused increased in the frequencies of micronucleus formation and decrease the percentage of mitotic index in bone marrow cells. Conclusions: Rosemary officinalis enhanced immunity, reduced mutagenic effects against cytotoxicity of CCL4.

Pants used in traditional medicine contain a vast array of substances that can be used to treat chronic and infectious diseases. One of these medical plant Viola odorata which a popularly known as “Banafshah” and sweet violet in Asia and Europe respectively. It is found in high altitudes of Himalyas, Europe and throughout North America. The study was designed to assess immunological (total and differential count of white blood cells), cytogenetic (micronucleus formation) and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Viola odorata by using two doses 100 and 200mg/kg. In addition, these effects were assessed after an interaction between the two doses of the plant and methtrexte drug. Results:The results of this study indicated that Viola odorata  had the ability to enhance immunity and reduced the frequency of micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells in addition to its hepatoprotective activity. Alternatively, the plant was able to counteract the damage induced by methotrexate 40 mg\kg.

The purposes of this study are to determine the effect of Zantac (Ranitidine) drug on sexual hormones (Testosterone and Prolactin), sperm head abnormality, and histopathological activity on albino male mice testes. Two doses of the drug were used: 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, in addition to a negative control group. Each group included four mice and the drug administrated orally as (0.1 ml) per day for 14 days, and then the mice were sacrificed on the day 15 for laboratory assessment. The result showed that the drug cause increase the percentage of sperm head abnormality which reaches to (48.3%) and (22.8%) for 2000 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg respectively in comparison to control group (11.1%). The male sex hormones also affected by the drug and the level of testosterone hormone decrease to (1.07 ng/ml) in 2000 mg/kg and (3.42 ng/ml) in 1000 mg/kg, while the level of hormone in control group is (14.07 ng/ml). The prolactin hormone show increase in the level at dose 2000mg/kg it's (115 ng/ml) and in dose 1000 mg/kg the level its (43 ng/ml) these value very high compared with control group (36 ng/ml) due to the effect of the drug on the hormone. The histopathological examination shows damage in the seminal duct and changes in the wall of the seminiferous tube also the spermatogenesis well be affected by the drug in which is stop and some of seminal duct show no appearance of spermatogenesis and also cause depletion to the wall of the seminal duct.