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Small molecules have demonstrated promising results as successful alternatives to growth factors. In this study, focus was drawn to CHIR99021 and tideglusib as GSK-3 inhibitors known for their anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential. The effect of both tideglusib and CHIR99021 on the proliferation, viability, and stemness of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) was investigated to assess their possible role in regenerative dentistry. Briefly, hDPSCs were isolated from sound premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes. Cytotoxicity and proliferation assessment were performed via cell counting kit-8 followed by flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic marker ANNEXIN V. The effect of both small molecules on the stemness of hDPSCs was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Both tideglusib and CHIR99021 were proven to be safe on hDPSCs. The tideglusib concentration that resulted in higher viable cells was 100 nM, while the concentration for CHIR99021 was 5 nM. Both small molecules successfully induced cellular proliferation and demonstrated minimal expression of ANNEXIN V, indicative of the absence of cellular apoptosis and further confirming their positive effect on proliferation. Finally, both small molecules enhanced stemness markers expression as evidenced by qRT-PCR, which, again, highlighted the positive effect of both tideglusib and CHIR99021 on safely promoting the proliferation of hDPSCs while maintaining their stemness.

Objective: to compare different protocols available for regenerative endodontic. Methodology: articles published between 2001 and 2021 were searched on the database PubMed using the following keywords: “pulp revascularization” or “pulp revitalization” or “apexification”. Inclusion criteria were studies on humans, patients with immature permanent teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, a follow-up of at least 12 months, clearly described protocols and in English language. Results: The search produced 944 results. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 35 were selected. 11 articles were added following a bibliographic review of the selected articles and a total of 46 cases were included. The success rate outcome for regenerative endodontic was of 80% observed in a total of 278 teeth. During irrigation, NaOCL was used in most of the cases with concentration varying from 0.5% to 6% and TAP has been the most used intracanal medication (32.7%). Periapical healing and resolution of the symptoms were observed in 95.7%, while apexogenesis was observed in 80.2%. Increase in root length reach 60%, root thickness 64.8% and apical closure 61,9%. Pulp vitality was found in 7.2% of the cases and discoloration in 29.5%. Conclusion: Regenerative endodontic showed signs of apexogenesis in most cases, and a pronounced increase in root thickness, root length and closure of the apex. Due to a high number of protocols and their heterogenicity, the superiority of one over the others cannot be established. More randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the most effective protocol.

Objective: Root canal shaping is as important as irrigation and filling when attempting to obtain a high success rate in endodontic treatment. The creation of a glide path before the use of rotary instruments reduces the risk of posterior iatrogenic errors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate instrumentation time and root canal transport after using 2 different glide path rotary systems. Methods:In total, 60 mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars, with curvature angles between 11° and 82°, were standardized to measure 15 mm. The specimens were divided into 2 groups, depending on their angles of curvature (11º-38º and 39º-82º), and further divided into 4 groups (n=15). Two groups were instrumented using the PathFile system and the other 2 using the ProFinder system. The angle and radius of curvature were measured at the most abrupt angle of curvature before and after instrumentation. Both measurements were analyzed and compared using AutoCAD software to determine canal transportation. Curvature angles were compared using Student's t test and the radii of curvature using the Wilcoxon test. The time for instrumentation was also evaluated using Student's t tests.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two systems with respect to root canal transport (P>0.05); however, the ProFinder system took a longer time to create a glide path (P=0.004) Conclusion: Both systems were equally effective in creating a glide path; however, the PathFile system proved to be faster than the ProFinder system.