Neutrophils are sensitive to biomaterial surface properties, controlling activation and inflammatory microenvironment, revealing a novel target for enhancing biomaterial integration.

These findings suggest that there may be an intrinsic autoregulatory mechanism in the bladder that allows it to undergo cyclic episodes of relative ischemia during its normal function. Factors that overcome this mechanism such as complete or chronic ischemia may be critical in the progression to detrusor underactivity and thereby highlight the importance of intervention during the early phases of this disease process.