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Whatever the screening frequency, in both strategies, about 50% of costs were related to Self-HPV testing, while for the Self-HPV/VIA strategy, triage accounted for approximately 1% of costs. At equal frequencies, costs of precancerous treatment were higher in Self-HPV than Self-HPV/VIA strategies, due to high overtreatment rate of CIN1 in the absence of triaging. The costs of cancer treatment were comparable in both strategies. Conclusion Cost-effectiveness depends on the type and frequency of screening. These results may support decision-makers in selecting adequate screening strategies and frequencies according to their willingness to pay per QALY gained.

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