Development of irAEs was associated with survival outcome of nivolumab treatment in patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Probiotic supplements induce immunological responses in the host, and dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) stimulate the growth of selected intestinal microflora. In this study we investigated the immunological influences of orally administrated FOS. BALB/c mice were orally administered 0-7.5% FOS for 6 weeks, and the intestinal mucosal immune responses were measured. In the 2.5%-FOS group, fecal IgA was significantly increased. IgA secretion by Peyer's patch (PP) cells was upregulated in a dose-dependent way in response to FOS and CD4+ T cells from PP showed a dose-dependent increase in production of interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL) 10, and a high response in production of IL-5 and IL-6. In contrast, FOS suppressed serum IgG1. Our findings suggest that FOS supplementation changes the intestinal environment of microflora, and leads to upregulation of IgA secretion in CD4+ PP cells in intestinal mucosa, and to suppression of the systemic immune response to type 2 helper T (Th2) dominant.

Radiofrequency ablation can be evaluated accurately by using gadolinium-enhanced MRI, which may allow the noninvasive assessment of procedural success. The dissimilar wash-in and wash-out kinetics compared with myocardial infarction suggest a different pathophysiological process with complete loss of microvasculature.

Among the many mammalian secreted phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 ) enzymes, PLA2G3 (group III secreted phospholipase A 2 ) is unique in that it possesses unusual N-and C-terminal domains and in that its central sPLA 2 domain is homologous to bee venom PLA 2 rather than to other mammalian sPLA 2 s. To elucidate the in vivo actions of this atypical sPLA 2 , we generated transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing human PLA2G3. Despite marked increases in PLA 2 activity and mature 18-kDa PLA2G3 protein in the circulation and tissues, PLA2G3 Tg mice displayed no apparent abnormality up to 9 months of age. However, alterations in plasma lipoproteins were observed in PLA2G3 Tg mice compared with control mice. In vitro incubation of low density (LDL) and high density (HDL) lipoproteins with several sPLA 2 s showed that phosphatidylcholine was efficiently converted to lysophosphatidylcholine by PLA2G3 as well as by PLA2G5 and PLA2G10, to a lesser extent by PLA2G2F, and only minimally by PLA2G2A and PLA2G2E. PLA2G3-modified LDL, like PLA2G5-or PLA2G10-treated LDL, facilitated the formation of foam cells from macrophages ex vivo. Accumulation of PLA2G3 was detected in the atherosclerotic lesions of humans and apoE-deficient mice. Furthermore, following an atherogenic diet, aortic atherosclerotic lesions were more severe in PLA2G3 Tg mice than in control mice on the apoE-null background, in combination with elevated plasma lysophosphatidylcholine and thromboxane A 2 levels. These results collectively suggest a potential functional link between PLA2G3 and atherosclerosis, as has recently been proposed for PLA2G5 and PLA2G10.