The paper presents results of the complex research of different species of Fagopyrum (F. esculentum Moench, F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn., F. cymosum Meissn.) on rutin content and their usage prospects as a resource of flavonoids. Relation between rutin content in the overground mass and the plant colour was found. Biological significance of rutin, prospects of its usage as a diagnostic trait in selection, are also shown in the article. Bio-chemical and technological traits of F. esculentum varieties cultivated in the Far East Russia were also studied and reflected in the paper. We therefore examined rutin content in the overground phytomass of the three species of Fagopyrum on the phase of mass flowering and discovered that high indices belong to: F. esculentum (Izumrud variety) ‒ 3.8 %, F. tataricum (sample k-62 from Canada) ‒ 4.4 % and F. cymosum (k-4231 from India) ‒ 4.1 %. Rutin content in the hull of common buckwheat ranged from 0.08 till 0.20 %. Maximum rutin quantity was determined in the hull of Ussurochka (35.7 kg/ha), and minimum (17.8 kg/ha) in the hull of Pri 7. The studies show that the ash content, obtained after burning the hull of F. esculentum (600°C) is in average 2 %. The following elements were found in the ash: potassium, sodium, copper, silver, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel, chromium, phosphorus, and their concentration depend on variety and type of raw material of F. esculentum. Key words: Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, F. cymosum, overground mass, hull, rutin Izvleček V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati kompleksne raziskave različnih vrst rodu Fagopyrum (F. esculentum Moench, F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn., F. cymosum Meissn.) o vsebnosti rutina in možnosti njihove uporabe kot vira flavonoidov. Ugotovljeno je bilo razmerje med vsebnostjo rutina v nadzemni masi in barvo rastlin. V članku je prikazan tudi biološki pomen rutina, možnosti njegove diagnostične uporabe pri selekciji oziroma njegov pomen pri selekciji. V delu so bile proučene tudi biokemijske in tehnološke lastnosti sort F. esculentum, ki jih gojijo na Daljnem vzhodu Rusije. Zato smo določali vsebnost rutina v nadzemnih delih treh vrst rodu Fagopyrum v fazi cvetenja in ugotovili, da visoki indeksi pripadajo: F. esculentum (sorta Izumrud) ‒ 3,8 %, F. tataricum (vzorec k-62 iz Kanade) ‒ 4,4 % in F. cymosum (k-4231 iz Indije) ‒ 4,1 %. Vsebnost rutina v luščinah navadne ajde je znašala od 0,08 do 0,20 %. Največja količina rutina je bila določena v luščinah Ussurochka (35,7 kg/ha) in najmanjša (17,8 kg/ha) v luščinah Pri 7. Študije kažejo, da je vsebnost pepela, pridobljenega po upopelnjenju luščin F. esculentum (600°C), v povprečju 2 %. V pepelu so bili določeni naslednji elementi: kalij, natrij, baker, srebro, kalcij, magnezij, cink, aluminij, mangan, železo, nikelj, krom, fosfor, njihova koncentracija pa je odvisna od sorte in rastlinskega dela vrste F. esculentum. Ključne besede: Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, F. cymosum, nadzemna masa, luščine, rutin
Biotechnological methods are widely used in modern common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) studies, constitute an effective tool to create the best agronomic traits of the crop, and can also be used to breed forms, resistant to heavy metal ion toxicity, which is important in the environment of constantly growing anthropogenic pressure on ecosystems. The studied high concentrations of zinc salts (808–1313 mg L−1) in the nutrient medium in vitro had an inhibitory effect on buckwheat, which was manifested by a decrease in values of its morphological indicators. Ion stress had an adverse effect on 7–9% of plants from their total number, indicating high plasticity and resistance of F. esculentum to highly toxic doses of zinc. The stress state of F. esculentum significantly increases the production of flavonoid compounds, including rutin, in plant cells, which is used in biotechnology to assess and obtain buckwheat forms of high flavonoid induction capacity. The processes of rutin biosynthesis were most intense in test-tube plants of the Izumrud × Inzerskaya hybrid obtained after exposure to high doses of zinc 1010–1212 mg L−1. F. esculentum genotypes obtained using selective backgrounds with high zinc concentrations are promising biosystems for synthesis of rutin, valuable for pharmacology and medicine.
Scientific relevance. The garden petunia, Petunia hybrida, is a popular and wide spread ornamental crop from the family Solanaceae. It is a promising model plant for molecular and genetic research. In vitro micropropagation plays an important role in the distribution of the garden petunia because the survivability and quality of seed material decreases significantly in every subsequent generation. Besides, micropropagation reduces the cost of production substantially. Considering that very few researchers addressed this question in the Russian Federation, this direction of research is still worthy of attention.Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted by the Laboratory of Breeding and Genetic Research on Field Crops at FSBSI “Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”. Seeds of Petunia hybrida (double-flowered) were used as primary explants. Liquid bleacher ACE diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9 was used as a sterilizing agent (the working solution contained 0.50% NaOCl). The total time of exposure was 15 minutes. The primary explants were subcultured onto a hormone-free Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing 20 g/L sucrose and 6 g/L agar. Isolated in vitro objects were cultured in test tubes with cotton-gauze plugs at an illuminance of 4000 lx, a temperature of 22–25 °C, and a 16h photoperiod in a culture room. The duration of one passage was 60 days. Micropropagation was carried out using 7- 10 mm cuttings with one or two nodes. The pot culture of the regenerants was established under controlled conditions in a light room (photoperiod was 16 hours, temperature was 23°С).Results. The optimal method for introducing Petunia hybrida into cell culture is the use of seeds treated with the solution of bleacher ACE that was diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9. The optimal time of exposure is 15 minutes. Petunia hybrida demonstrated a high regeneration rate on the hormone-free MS medium – it had a fast growth and development rate, and good rhizogenesis; the reproductive rate was 8.77. For the micropropagation of the garden petunia, it is advisable to use cuttings of test tube plants, which should be placed onto a hormone-free MS medium. The test tube plants of Petunia hybrida acclimatized successfully on a soil substrate. This shows the high plasticity of the culture.
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