Lithiated Nafion 112 ionomer was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, AC impedance, and cyclic voltammetry. The ionomer swollen with mixed solvents of propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate shows ionic conductivity of 8.18 · 10 )5 S cm )1 at 25°C and good electrochemical stability to allow operation in Li/ionomer/ LiCoO 2 cells. The discharge capacity of the first cycle is 126 mAh g )1 . Significant capacity loss occurs during cycling due to the presence of PC. AC impedance shows that the passive layer formed at the Li/ionomer interface dominates the cycling performance of the cell.

A 3D defect controllable graphene foam (GF) with a conductive interconnected network is prepared by a CVD process in a closed environment, which we refer to as the closed-environment CVD method.

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