When an insulator, sandwiched between metals of dissimilar work functions, is irradiated with x-radiation, a voltage related to the contact potential difference of the metals is observed. This phenomenon, known as the bulk photovoltaic effect, has been demonstrated in a variety of metal-insulator-metal combinations. Evidence that the voltage is not generated by junctions, barrier layers, or simillar other phenomena is presented.

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When gamma rays pass through purified, degassed, liquid hydrocarbons held in an electric field, large current pulses are observed, indicating electron multiplication. This seems to indicate that free electrons are stable in these liquids and that their mean free paths may be much greater than had been thought.