The influence of substrate roughness on wettability has been investigated at room and high temperatures using sixteen material combinations, mostly liquid metals and solid ceramics but also water, glycerol and solid nickel. The contact angles assumed by both wetting and non-wetting drops of all but two material combinations increased linearly with the relative steepness of the surface features, the effect being less for experiments conducted at high temperatures. In contrast, the contact angles of good wetting drops of glycerol and exceptionally good wetting drops of Easy-rio decreased when their silica and nickel substrates were roughened. Similarly, contact angles of both wetting and nonwetting drops were decreased by ultrasonic vibration. The experimental data can best be interpreted in terms of the metastable equilibrium configuration models in which an advancing liquid front has to overcome energy barriers associated with surface features. This occurs more readily if these barriers are small relative to the energy of the liquid which our data suggest can be equated with the enthalpy of the liquid. This interpretation enables the effects of substrate roughness at one temperature or with one liquid to be used to predict behaviour at other temperatures and with other liquids.

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