The Editor-in-Chief and the publisher have retracted this article. The article was submitted to be part of a guest-edited issue. An investigation by the publisher found a number of articles, including this one, with a number of concerns, including but not limited to compromised editorial handling and peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references or not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue. Based on the investigation's findings the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article.Authors J. Uthayakumar, K. Shankar and S. K. Lakshmanaprabu disagree with this retraction. Author Noura Metawa has not responded to correspondence regarding this retraction.

The Editor-in-Chief and the publisher have retracted this article. The article was submitted to be part of a guest-edited issue. An investigation by the publisher found a number of articles, including this one, with a number of concerns, including but not limited to compromised editorial handling and peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references or not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue. Based on the investigation's findings, the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article.

No abstract

The Editor-in-Chief and the publisher have retracted this article. This article was submitted to be part of a guestedited issue. An investigation concluded that the editorial process of this guest-edited issue was compromised by a third party and that the peer review process has been manipulated. Based on the investigation's findings, the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article.K. Shankar disagrees with this retraction. N. Arunkumar has not explicitly stated whether they agree to this retraction. Mohamed Elhoseny, S. K. Lakshmanaprabu and Andino Maseleno have not responded to correspondence regarding this retraction.Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The Editor-in-Chief and the publisher have retracted this article. The article was submitted to be part of a guest-edited issue. An investigation by the publisher found a number of articles, including this one, with a number of concerns, including but not limited to compromised editorial handling and peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references, or not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue. Based on the investigation's findings the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article.